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Cerebellar
Cerebellar objectives
102
Anatomy
Graduate
11/25/2012

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Term
what are the functions of the cerebellum
Definition
regulate and modify motor performance. Participate in motor learning
Term
what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum
Definition
vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
Term
which part of the cerebellum is the vestibulocerebellum?
Definition
the bottom part
Term
which part of the cerebellum is the spinocerebellum
Definition
medial part
Term
which part of the cerebellum is the cerebrocerebellum
Definition
lateral hemispheres
Term
what are peduncles
Definition
pathways with projections to/from the cerebellum
Term
what are the 3 cerebellar peduncles
Definition
superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles
Term
what are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum
Definition
conncetions with vestibular system, eye movements. Important for keeping us upright
Term
what is another name for vestibulocerebellum
Definition
flocculonodular lobe
Term
where are the deep cerebellar nuclei
Definition
in the cerebellar hemispheres
Term
what are the names of the deep cerebellar nuclei from lateral to medial
Definition
dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
Term
what projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei
Definition
cerebellar cortex
Term
what are the 3 sources of input to the cerebellum
Definition
periphery, brainstem, cerebral cortex
Term
where do mossy fibers originate
Definition
brainstem nuclei and spinal cord
Term
where do climbing fibers originate
Definition
inferior olive in medulla
Term
what do mossy fibers and climbing fibers synapse on?
Definition
purkinje cells AND deep cerebellar nuclei
Term
are climbing fibers excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
excitatory
Term
are mossy fibers excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
excitatory
Term
what is the main path of the excitation of the deep nuclei
Definition
mossy fibers and climbing fiber inputs come in and synapse directly on the deep nuclei as well as the cerebellar cortex, then back again to seep cerebellar nuceli. Deep nuclei are the ones that vei output
Term
where is the vermis
Definition
most medial part of the cerebellum
Term
what deep nucleus does the vermis project to
Definition
fastigial
Term
what does the intermediate zone of the cerebellar hemisphere project to
Definition
globose/emboliform nuclei
Term
what does the lateral zone of the cerebellar hemisphere project to
Definition
dentate nucleus
Term
to what nuclei does the vestibulocerebellum project
Definition
vestibular nuclei
Term
what are the medial descending tracts
Definition
vestibulospinal, reticulospinal
Term
what are the lateral descending tracts
Definition
corticospinal, rubrospinal
Term
what is the pathway from the vermis?
Definition
fastigial nucleus to medial descending pathways (vestibulospinal and reticulospinal) to influence axial and proximal muscles
Term
what is the pathway from the intermediate hemisphere?
Definition
to emboliform and globose to lateral pathways (corticospinal and rubrospinal) to control distal muscles
Term
what is the pathway from the lateral part of the hemisphere (cerebrocerebellum)
Definition
lateral part of the cerebellum projects onto the dentate nucleus. From dentate, goes back up to motor and premotor cortices through the thalamus, making it important for motor planning.
Term
what is the ongoing function of the spinocerebellum?
Definition
limb movement
Term
what is the function of cerebrocerebellum?
Definition
movement planning and initiation; motor learning
Term
what will you see if someone has lesions of vestibulocerebellum
Definition
inability to st or standwithout swaying. Abnormalities of head and eye movements (nystagmus)
Term
what do you seee with lesions of spinocerebelum
Definition
unsteady walking, staggering
Term
what do you see with lesions of the cerebrocerebellum
Definition
irregular movement of the limbs, loss of muscle corodination, difficulty initiateing movement, decomposition of movement
Term
what is the purpose of input to the cerebellum from cerebral cortex
Definition
initiation and planning of movement
Term
how does motor information from cerebral cortex get to cerebellum
Definition
cerebral cortex - pons - mossy fibers
Term
from where does the cerebellum get sensory information such as proprioception and vestibular info
Definition
inferior olive, spinal cord, vestibular nuclei
Term
how does sensory info get from inferior olive to cerebellum
Definition
climbing fibers
Term
how does sensory info get from spinal cord or vestibular nuclei to cerebellum
Definition
through pons then up through mossy fibers
Term
what is the purpose of purkinje cells
Definition
compares intended movement to actual movement
Term
what is the purpose of deep nuclei
Definition
allows cerebellum to reduce motor errors
Term
how do mossy fibers get to purkinje cells
Definition
granule fibers to excitatory parallel fibers to purkinje cells
Term
are purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory to the deep nuclei
Definition
GABAnergic inhibitory
Term
where do rubrospinal neurons originate
Definition
red nucleus
Term
where do reticulospinal neurons originate
Definition
reticulra formation
Term
where do vestibulospinal neurons originate
Definition
vestibular nucleus
Term
where do corticopsinal neurons originate
Definition
motor cortex
Term
where does information that goes to spinocerebellum initially come from s
Definition
spinao cord
Term
what are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum
Definition
motor planning and initiation. Motor learning
Term
what are the functions of the spinocerebellum
Definition
ongoing execution of limb movement. Regulation of muscle tone
Term
what is the lateral part of the spinocerebellum called
Definition
paramedium
Term
what is the path of information from the paramedium
Definition
to emboliform and globose to lateral pathways (corticospinal and rubrospinal) to control distal muscles
Term
what is the pathway of the vermis
Definition
to fastigial to medial pathways (reticulospinal and vestibulospinal) to control proximal and axial muscles
Term
what are the 3 cerebellar pathways?
Definition
cerebrocerebellar, spinocerebellar, vestibulocerebellar
Term
which cerebellar pathway's function is motor planning
Definition
cerebrocerebellar
Term
what is sent to the cerebellum through the cerebrocerebellar pathway
Definition
a "copy" of motor command
Term
what does the cerebrocerebellar pathway do with the copy of the motor command?
Definition
compares info of motor command with info from climbing fibers
Term
after comparing commanded movement to actual movement, what happens from the cerebrocerebellar pathway?
Definition
the dentate sends a correction signal back to the motor cortex to modify movement
Term
which cerebellar pathway's function is motor execution
Definition
spinocerebellar
Term
what input comes into spinocerebellar pathway
Definition
proprioceptive input from dorsal spinocerebellar pathway
Term
what happens with proprioceptiveinput from dorsal spinocerebellar pathway
Definition
fidelity of movement assessed; correction signal sent to deep nuclei
Term
where does input come from that goes to vestibulocerebellar pathway?
Definition
semicircular canals and otolith organs
Term
what motor impairments are likely to occur if the vestibulocerebellum is damaged
Definition
eye movement and body equilibrium
Term
what motor impairments are likely to occur if the spinocerebellum is damaged
Definition
execution of limb movement, regulation of muscle tone
Term
what motor impairments are likely to occur if the cerebrocerebellum is damaged
Definition
movement planning and initiation.
Term
for the following questions, list which part of the cerebellum is damaged based on the motor impariment
Definition
ok
Term
truncal ataxia = inability to stand or sit without swaying or falling
Definition
vestibulocerebellum
Term
gait ataxia = unsteady walking, staggering
Definition
spinocerebellum
Term
limb ataxia = irregular movement of limbs
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
asynergia or dyssynergia = loss of muscle coordination
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
hypotonia of the trunk
Definition
spinocerebellum
Term
nystagums
Definition
vestibulocerebellum
Term
dysmetria
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
difficulty initiating movement
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
intention tremor
Definition
spinocerebellum
Term
decomposition of movement = disorder in temporal coordination of movement involoving multiple joints
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
disorders in spatial coordination of hand and finger muscles
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
what motor impairments are most likely to result from more generalized cerebellar disease
Definition
hypotonia, generalized weakness, dysmetria, disturbances in posture and balance, gait ataxia, movement decomposition, dysdiadochokinesia
Term
how to assess hypotonia
Definition
passively move limbs and assess resistance. Palpate muscles. Look for difficulty holding onto things
Term
how to treat hypotonia
Definition
strengthen. PNF for co-contraction. Approximation through joint
Term
how to test for generalized weakness
Definition
MMT. Repeated submaximal muscle contractions such as 20 heel raises. Shoulder flexion: how long can patient hold without drifting.
Term
how to treat generalized weakness
Definition
strength and endurance exercises
Term
how to test for disturbances of posture and balance
Definition
difficulties with APR (hypermetria). APA is poorly timed or absent. Postural tremors.
Term
how to treat for postural tremors
Definition
meds, stability training
Term
how to treat for disturbances in posture and balacne
Definition
put them in challenging situations for balance training. Lots of practice.
Term
how to test for dysmetria
Definition
FNF, heel to shin
Term
how to treat dysmetria
Definition
PNF, strategies to slow movement, practice foot placement on targets
Term
how to assess gait ataxia
Definition
dual task: talking, head turns; turns; tandem walking; walk on heels/toes; march in place
Term
how to treat gait ataxia
Definition
PNF. Walk between taped lines to encourage narrowed BOS. Stepping to target - can require crossing feet over. Obstacle course. Quadruped. Tall kneeling - add weightshift, chopping, to half kneeling. Weight shift fwd/bkwd.
Term
what will you see if someone has movement decomposition
Definition
pt will move one joint at a time, not smooth.
Term
how to treat decomposition
Definition
intervention maynot be necessary if it works for the pt.
Term
how to assess dysdiadochokinesia
Definition
rapid alternating movements
Term
how to treat dysdiadochokinesia
Definition
treat only if it affects functional tasks
Term
what can cause cerebellar troubles?
Definition
stroke, TBI, tumor, hypoplasia, inflammation, friedrich's ataxia (genetic), toxic disease
Term
how does chronic alcohol abuse affect cerebellum
Definition
affects anterior lobe. Affects medial musculature, leading to ataxia
Term
what does hypoplasia mean
Definition
born without or abnormal
Term
what are the pros of using weights for treatment of cerebellar disorders
Definition
increases proprioception.
Term
when to use weights for proprioception
Definition
only if planning to continue to use the weight
Term
what is a con of using weights for cerebellar treatment
Definition
can make impairments worse once weight is removed
Term
what are frenkel's exercises
Definition
exercises for ataxia to help compensate for the inability to tell where arms and legs are in space without looking
Term
what are pros of using frenkel exercises for cerebellar problems
Definition
emphasis on concentration, repeitition, and consistency of performance. Progression of difficulty. Vision used to compensate for proprioceptive loss in guiding movement
Term
what are the cons of using frenkel exercises for cerebellar problems
Definition
the initial exercises are not very functional. It takes a lot of practice to progress. You'll waste a lot of time on the early non-functional exercises.
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