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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Bio 207 - Exam 3 Dr. Anderson
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2015

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Term
cephalization
Definition
evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS; increased number of neurons in head, highest level reached in human brain
Term
spinal cord
Definition
central cavity surrounded by gray matter; external white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts; begins at the foramen magnum; provides two-way communication to and from brain
Term
cortex
Definition
outer gray matter; folded and wrinkled to increase area of this
Term
ventricles of the brain
Definition
filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); lined by ependymal cells; connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord; communicate with each other
Term
gyri
Definition
surface marking; ridges
Term
sulci
Definition
surface marking; shallow grooves
Term
fissures
Definition
surface marking; deep grooves
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
separates two hemispheres
Term
transverse cerebral fissure
Definition
Term
central sulcus
Definition
separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Term
parieto-occipital sulcus
Definition
seaprates occipital and parietal lobes
Term
lateral sulcus
Definition
outlines temporal lobes
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
gray matter; thin; 40% mass of brain; site of conscious mind
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
deep within white matter; distinct and separate from cortical regions; important for movement regulation, emotion, understanding
Term
motor areas
Definition
area that control voluntary movement
Term
sensory areas
Definition
area of conscious awareness of sensation
Term
association areas
Definition
area that integrates diverse information
Term
primary (somatic) motor cortex
Definition
large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri; long axons; allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle
Term
premotor cortext
Definition
helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities; controls learned, repetitious or patterned motor skills; coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions; controls voluntary action that depend on sensory feedback
Term
broca's area
Definition
present in only one hemisphere; motor speech area; plans speech, some voluntary motor activities
Term
frontal eye field
Definition
controls voluntary eye movements
Term
motor homunculi
Definition
mapped out motor activity in certain parts of the brain
Term
somatosensory homunculus
Definition
upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions
Term
spatial discrimination
Definition
identification of body region being stimulated
Term
somatosensory association cortex
Definition
integrates sensory input; determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt
Term
primary visual (striate) cortex
Definition
extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe; receives visual information from retinas
Term
visual association area
Definition
surrounds primary visual cortex; uses experiment to interpret/recognize visual stimuli; uses large portion of brain
Term
primary auditory cortex
Definition
superior margin of temporal lobes; interprets information from inner eat a pitch, loudness, and location
Term
auditory association area
Definition
located posterior to primary auditory cortex; stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus
Term
olfactory cortex
Definition
medial part of temporal lobe (above nose interior); conscious awareness of smell; connected to limbic system (association area)
Term
vestibular cortex
Definition
posterior insula; position, balance perception
Term
gustatory cortex
Definition
in insula; mediates taste perception
Term
visceral sensory area
Definition
posterior to gustatory cortex; visceral sensation like bathroom urges
Term
multimodal association areas
Definition
receive inputs from multiple sensory area; send outputs to multiple areas; allows meaning to information received; sensations, thoughts, emotions before conscious
Term
anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
Definition
most complicated cortical region; involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality; contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning
Term
posterior association area
Definition
plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space; involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke's area)
Term
limbic association area (part of limbic system)
Definition
involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus; provides emotional impact that makes scene more important and helps establish memories
Term
lateralization
Definition
division of labor between hemispheres
Term
cerebral dominance
Definition
hemisphere dominant for language (left in 90% of people)
Term
left hemisphere
Definition
controls language, math, and logic
Term
right hemisphere
Definition
visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills
Term
association fibers
Definition
horizontal; connect different parts of same hemisphere
Term
commissural fibers
Definition
horizontal; connect gray matter of two hemispheres
Term
projection fibers
Definition
vertical; connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord
Term
ischemia
Definition
homeostatic imbalance of the brain; tissue deprived of blood supply; brain tissue dies; e.g. blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
homeostatic imbalance of the brain; paralysis on one side, or sensory and speech deficits
Term
transient ischemic attacts
Definition
homeostatic imbalance of the brain; temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
Term
tissue plasminogen activator
Definition
only approved treatment for stroke; clot buster
Term
alzheimer's disease
Definition
a progressive degenerative disease of brain that results in dimentia; memory loss, short attention span; caused by neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons to kill them
Term
parkinson's disease
Definition
degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra; basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive; tremors at rest; treated by adding dopamine
Term
huntington's disease
Definition
fatal hereditary disorder; leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex; vegins with wild, jerky "flapping" movements; later marked by mental deterioration; treated by blocking dopamine
Term
epidural space
Definition
cushion of fat and network of veins between vertebrae and spinal dura mater
Term
cauda equina
Definition
collection of nerve roots at inderior end of vertebral canal
Term
gray commissure
Definition
connects masses of gray matterl encloses central canal
Term
dorsal horns
Definition
gray matter; interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
Term
ventral horns
Definition
gray matter; some interneurons; somatic motor neurons; axons exit cord via ventral roots
Term
lateral horns
Definition
gray matter; only in thoracic and superior lumbar regions, sympathetic neurons
Term
dorsal roots
Definition
gray matter; sensory input to cord
Term
dorsal root (spinal) ganglia
Definition
gray matter; cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
ascending pathways
Definition
consists of three neurons; up to higher centers (sensory inputs); three main pathways
Term
first-order neuron of ascending pathways
Definition
conducts impulses from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors; branches diffusely as enters spinal cord or mefulla
Term
second-order neuron of ascending pathways
Definition
interneuron; cell body in dorsal horn of medullary nuclei; axons extend to thalamus or cerebellum
Term
third-order neuron of ascending pathways
Definition
interneuron; cell body in thalamus; axon extends to somatosensory cortex
Term
dorsal column pathway of ascending pathways
Definition
medial lemniscal pathways; discriminative touch
Term
sponothalamic pathways of ascending pathways
Definition
pathways that transmit pain, temperature, coarse touch, pressure, and proprioception
Term
spinocerebellar tracts pathway of ascending pathways
Definition
terminate in the cerebellum; info about muscle position to help with coordination
Term
descending pathways and trats
Definition
deliver efferent impulses from the brain to spinal cord; two groups
Term
upper motor neurons of descending pathways and tracts
Definition
pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex
Term
lower motor neurons of descending pathways and tracts
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons in spinal cord; innervate skeletal muscles
Term
direct (pyramidal) pathways
Definition
impulses from pyramidal neurons in precentral gyri pass through pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts; descend without synapsing; axons synapse with interneurons or ventral horn motor neurons; regulate fast and fine (skilled) movements
Term
indirect (multineuronal) system
Definition
complex multisynaptic; includes brain stem motor nuclei and all motor pathwats except pyramidal pathways; three pathways that regulate
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