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Central Nervous System
Test # 3 - CNS, PNS, ANS
130
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/03/2012

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Cards

Term
What structures make up the Central Nervous System?
Definition
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Term
What is cephilization?
Definition
Elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS//increase in the # of neurons in the brain.
Term
What is the central cavity in the spinal cord surrounded by and what is it made of?
Definition
Surrounded by grey matter core which is made mostly of neuron cell bodies.
Term
What is external to the grey matter core of the central cavity?
Definition
Myelinated fiber tracts// white matter.
Term
What is the surface anatomy of the brain?
Definition
1.) Cerebral hemispheres
2.) Cerebellum
3.) Brain stem
Term
How many ventricles are in the brain? What are their names? What are they formed from and where are they located?
Definition
4 ventricles. 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th. Arise from the lumen of the neural tube.
Lateral - on either side of the brain.
3rd - Inside the diencephalon.
4th - Inside the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior to the medulla.
Term
What are the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
They form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass. They are the LEFT and RIGHT hemispheres.
Term
What is the anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
They contain gyri (ridges), sulci (shallow grooves) and fissures (deep grooves). They are separated by the LONGITUDINAL FISSURE.
Term
What are the divisions of the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
1.) Cerebral Cortex (grey matter)
2.) Internal white matter
3.) Basal Nuclei
Term
How many lobes are there in the brain?
Definition
5 - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula.
Term
Which sulci separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Definition
CENTRAL
Term
Which sulci separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Definition
PARIETO-OCCIPITAL
Term
Which sulci separates the parietal and temporal lobes?
Definition
LATERAL
Term
The ____ & ____ borders the central sulcus.
Definition
Precentral and Postcentral gyrus.
Term
What is the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Superficial grey matter that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain.
Term
What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movement.
Term
How do each of the hemispheres act?
Definition
Contralaterally - controlling the opposite side of the body.
Term
What are the 3 types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
1.) Motor - control voluntary movement
2.) Sensory - awareness of sensation
3.) Association - integrate
Term
What are the 4 Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex?
Definition
1.) Primary Motor Cortex
2.) Premotor Cortex
3.) Frontal Eye Field
4.) Broca's
Term
What is the function of the Primary Motor Cortex?
Definition
Control of skilled voluntary skeletal muscles.
Term
What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?
Definition
Controls learned motor skills.
Term
What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field?
Definition
Controls voluntary movement of the eye.
Term
What is the function of Broca's Area?
Definition
Muscle involved with speech and when you're preparing to speak.
Term
What are the 4 Sensory Areas?
Definition
1.)Primary Somatosensory
2.)Somatosensory Association Cortex
3.)Visual and Auditory Areas
4.)Olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular.
Term
What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Area?
Definition
Receives information from the skin, muscles, and joints.
Term
What is the function of the Somatosensory Association Cortex?
Definition
Integrates temperature and pressure sensory information. Be able to recognize objects without looking at them.
Term
What are the 2 association areas?
Definition
Anterior and Posterior association.
Term
What is the Anterior Association Area also called and what is its function?
Definition
Prefrontal Cortex and its function is complex learning.
Term
What is the function of the posterior association area and where is it located?
Definition
It is located in the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes and its function is recognizing faces and places and binding other various information together.
Term
What is cerebral white matter made of and what is its function?
Definition
Myelinated fibers and their tracts.
It's responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex, lower CNS area and areas of the cerebrum.
Term
What are 3 types of fibers found in white matter and what are their functions?
Definition
1.) Commisural - connect grey areas of the two hemispheres.
2.) Association - connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
3.) Projection - enter hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers.
Term
What is the basal nuclei and where is it located?
Definition
It is a concentrated area of neruon fibers that is located deep within the white matter.
Responsible for arm swing during walk.
Term
Where is the diencephalon and what are the 3 structures that it consists of?
Definition
Central core of the forebrain.
Consists of 1.)Thalamus 2.)Hypothalamus 3.)Epithalamus
Term
What is the thalamus?
Definition
paired, egg shaped masses that form the superiolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle. Connected at the midline. Contains 4 groups of nuclei; anterior, ventral, dorsal and posterior.
Term
What is the main function of the thalamus?
Definition
RELAY! Afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the thalamus. Similar impulses are sorted, edited and then relayed as a group.
Term
All inputs that pass through the _______ have to pass through the ________.
Definition
cerebral cortex & thalamus.
Term
What is the hypothalamus?
Definition
Known as the "master gland". It is located below the thalamus and forms the inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle.
Term
What are mammillary bodies?
Definition
Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus. Relay station for olfactory pathways.
Term
What is the infundibulum?
Definition
Stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the pituitary gland. Main visceral control center for the body.
Term
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
Definition
Regulates blood pressure, rate, force of beat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, visceral activities, perception of pleasure, fear, rage, temperature, hunger and sleep.
Term
What is the brain stem?
Definition
Consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
Term
What does the brain stem control?
Definition
Automatic behaviors necessary for survival like breathing.
Term
Where is the midbrain located?
Definition
Between the diencephalon and the pons.
Term
What are cerebral peduncles?
Definition
Two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts. MIDBRAIN.
Term
What is a cerebral aqueduct?
Definition
Hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles. MIDBRAIN.
Term
What are the pons and where are they located?
Definition
Bulging brain stem region between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. Forms part of the 4th ventricle.
Term
What do the fibers of the pons do?
Definition
1.) connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord.
2.) Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum.
Term
What is the medulla oblongata?
Definition
Most inferior part of the brain stem. Forms ventral wall of 4th ventricle. Contains choroid plexus.
Term
What are pyramids?
Definition
Two longitudinal ridges formed by the cortiospinal tracts.
Term
What is the decussation of the pyramids?
Definition
Where the corticospinal tracts crossover.
Term
What is the cerebellum?
Definition
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla. Protrudes under the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum.
Term
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Definition
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contractions.
Term
How does cerebellar activity occur?
Definition
SUBCONSCIOUSLY.
Term
What are the 3 tissue membranes that lie externally to the CNS? Name them in order of occurrence - outer to inner.
Definition
1.)Dura Mater
2.) Arachnoid Mater
3.) Pia Mater
Term
What is the dura mater made of?
Definition
Leather strong meninx made of 2 fibrous connective tissue layers that sometimes separate to form dural sinuses.
Term
_____ ______ ______ extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain.
Definition
Three dural septa.
Term
What are the 3 dural septa and where are they located?
Definition
1.) Falx Cerebri - dips into longitudinal fissure.
2.) Falx Cerebelli - runs along vermis of cerebellum.
3.) Tentorium cerebelli - horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure.
Term
What is arachnoid mater separated from the dura mater by?
Definition
Subdural space.
Term
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
Definition
CSF.
Term
What are arachnoid villi? Why are they there?
Definition
Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly. They are there because they permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood.
Term
What is pia mater?
Definition
Deepest meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain.
Term
What are the 2 functional brain systems?
Definition
1.) The Limbic
2.) Reticular Formation
Term
What is the Limbic System responsible for?
Definition
EMOTIONS!
Term
What parts of the brain are associated with the LS? (remember, rhinos and hippos ate!)
Definition
Rhinencephalon, the amygdala, hypothalamus, and anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
Term
The __________ deals with anger, fear repsonses, and danger.
Definition
Amygdala.
Term
The _______ plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict.
Definition
Cingulate gyrus.
Term
The limbic system also associates memories with _________.
Definition
odors.
Term
Where is the reticular formation?
Definition
In brain stem area. (pons, medulla oblongata)
Term
What are the three broad columns along the length of the brain stem that make up the RF?
Definition
1.) Raphe Nuclei.
2.) Medial Group (lg cell).
3.) Lateral Group (sm cell).
Term
What parts of the brain is the RF associated with?
Definition
hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the spinal cord.
Term
What is the RAS and it's 3 main functions?
Definition
Reticular Activation System.
1.) Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it alert.
2.) Filters out repetivive/weak stimuli.
3.) Motor functions - coarse, autonomic control.
Term
Where is the RAS located?
Definition
Medulla oblongata.
Term
What is the spinal cord and where does it begin and end?
Definition
CNS tissue enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1.
Term
The spinal cord provides __-___ _______ to and from _________.
Definition
two-way communication & the brain.
Term
What is epidural space?
Definition
The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater filled with fat and veins.
Term
How many spinal nerves are there?
Definition
31 pairs!
Term
What are sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge?
Definition
Cervical and lumbar enlargements.
Term
What is the terminal portion of the spinal cord?
Definition
Conus medullaris.
Term
What is the fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the cocyx?
Definition
Filum terminale.
Term
What is the delicate shelves of pia mater that connects the spinal cord to the vertebrae?
Definition
Denticulate ligaments.
Term
What is the cauda equina?
Definition
Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral column. Horse tail.
Term
What separates the anterior funiculi?
Definition
The anterior median fissure.
Term
What separates the posterior funiculi?
Definition
The posterior median sulcus.
Term
What is gray matter made of?
Definition
Soma (cell body), unmyelinated process, and neuroglia.
Term
What is gray commisure and what does it do?
Definition
It connects masses of grey matter and encloses the central canal.
Term
What are the posterior dorsal horns composed of?
Definition
Interneurons.
Term
What are the anterior ventral horns composed of?
Definition
Interneurons and somatic motor neurons.
Term
What are lateral horns composed of?
Definition
Sympathetic nerve fibers.
Term
The dorsal half of the spinal cord have _____ roots and ______.
Definition
sensory roots & ganglia.
Term
The ventral half of the spinal cord have _____.
Definition
motor roots.
Term
Dorsal - _______.
Ventral - _______.
Definition
In - sensory.
Out - motor.
Term
What are the four zones within the grey matter?
Definition
1.)Somatic Sensory
2.) Visceral Sensory
3.) Visceral Motor
4.) Somatic Motor
Term
In white matter in the spinal cord, the fibers run 3 ways. ____, _____, and ______.
Definition
1.) ascending
2.) descending
3.) transversely
Term
What are the three funiculi that the spinal cord white matter is divided into?
Definition
1.) Posterior Funiculi
2.) Lateral Funiculi
3.) Anterior Funiculi
Term
What are ascending the descending pathways?
Definition
The highway the AP travel to and from the CNS.
Term
The nonspecific and ascending tracts...
Definition
sends information from receptors to CNS.
Term
Descending sends processed information...
Definition
OUT to the effectors (muscles, glands)
Term
Are ascending and descending pathways made out of one long neuron?
Definition
NOOOOOOOOOOO!
Term
The nonspecific and specific pathways are responsible for...
Definition
discriminative touch and conscious proprioception.
Term
The spinocerebral tracts send impulses where?
Definition
The cerebellum.
Term
Do the spinocerebral tracts contribute to sensory perception?
Definition
No.
Term
What are first order neurons?
Definition
They are in dorsal root and conduct impulses from skin to the spinal cord or brain stem.
Term
What are second order neurons?
Definition
They are in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord/medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum.
Term
What are third order neurons?
Definition
Located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.
Term
What are descending motor pathways?
Definition
Once information is processed, action is taken through the descending pathways.
Term
What are the two groups that descending pathways are divided into?
Definition
Direct - Pyramidal System
Indirect - Extrapyramidal System
Term
How many neurons do motor pathways involve?
Definition
TWO! Upper & Lower.
Term
How does the direct pyramidal system work?
Definition
Originates in the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri. An impulse directly activates a skeletal muscle. This system is used to regulate fast and fine tuned motor skills.
Term
What organs are included in the indirect extrapyramidal system?
Definition
Brain stem. motor nuclei and all motor pathways that are NOT apart of the direct pyramidal system.
Term
What tracts are apart of the extrapyramidal system?
Definition
rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal tracts.
Term
What do these motor pathways regulate?
Definition
1.) Axial muscles that maintain balance and posture.
2.) Muscles controlling course movements of the proximal limbs
3.) Head, neck and eye movement.
Term
Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called ______ _______.
Definition
Brain waves.
Term
Electrical activity in the brain is _____ _______ of the ______.
Definition
synaptic activity of the cortex.
Term
Are brain waves the same in all people?
Definition
NO! Unique!
Term
What is the unit of frequency for brain waves?
Definition
Hertz (Hz)
Term
What is used to record brain activity?
Definition
An EEG.
Term
What are the 4 types of brain waves?
Definition
1.)Alpha
2.)Beta
3.)Theta
4.)Delta
Term
Which wave indicates an "idling" brain?
Definition
Alpha
Term
Which wave is rare in adults but common in children?
Definition
Theta
Term
Which wave is seen in awake and mentally alert people?
Definition
Beta
Term
Which wave is seen in deep sleep?
Definition
Delta
Term
What are the 2 major types of sleep?
Definition
Non Rapid Eye Movement and Rapid Eye Movement.
Term
When does REM sleep occur?
Definition
After the fourth NREM stage has been achieved.
Term
When does a person pass through all 4 stages of NREM sleep?
Definition
30-45 minutes of sleep.
Term
What happens to the body during REM sleep?
Definition
1.) Vital signs increase
2.) Skeletal muscles (not eyes) are inhibited.
3.) Dreams take place.
Term
What is CSF and it's main purpose?
Definition
Cerebral Spinal Fluid - Protection.
Term
What is choroid plexus, where are they located, and how do they help the CSF?
Definition
They are clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters. They hang from the roof of each ventricle. They cleanse the CSF by removing wastes.
Term
What is the BBB?
Definition
Blood Brain Barrier - protective mechanism that helps to maintain a stable environment for the brain.
Term
How are blood borne substances separated from neurons?
Definition
1.)Continuous epithelium of capillary walls. (tight junctions)
2.)Relatively thick basale lamina
3.)Bulbous feet of astrocytes
Term
What are the functions of the BBB?
Definition
1.)Selective barrier
2.)Ineffective against lipid soluble molecules.
3.) Absent in some areas so they can monitor the composition of blood. ex: vomiting center in hypothalamus.
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