Term
| What structures make up the Central Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS//increase in the # of neurons in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the central cavity in the spinal cord surrounded by and what is it made of? |
|
Definition
| Surrounded by grey matter core which is made mostly of neuron cell bodies. |
|
|
Term
| What is external to the grey matter core of the central cavity? |
|
Definition
| Myelinated fiber tracts// white matter. |
|
|
Term
| What is the surface anatomy of the brain? |
|
Definition
1.) Cerebral hemispheres
2.) Cerebellum
3.) Brain stem |
|
|
Term
| How many ventricles are in the brain? What are their names? What are they formed from and where are they located? |
|
Definition
4 ventricles. 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th. Arise from the lumen of the neural tube.
Lateral - on either side of the brain.
3rd - Inside the diencephalon.
4th - Inside the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior to the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cerebral hemispheres? |
|
Definition
| They form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass. They are the LEFT and RIGHT hemispheres. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres? |
|
Definition
| They contain gyri (ridges), sulci (shallow grooves) and fissures (deep grooves). They are separated by the LONGITUDINAL FISSURE. |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the cerebral hemispheres? |
|
Definition
1.) Cerebral Cortex (grey matter)
2.) Internal white matter
3.) Basal Nuclei |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes are there in the brain? |
|
Definition
| 5 - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula. |
|
|
Term
| Which sulci separates the frontal and parietal lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sulci separates the parietal and occipital lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sulci separates the parietal and temporal lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ & ____ borders the central sulcus. |
|
Definition
| Precentral and Postcentral gyrus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| Superficial grey matter that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movement. |
|
|
Term
| How do each of the hemispheres act? |
|
Definition
| Contralaterally - controlling the opposite side of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
1.) Motor - control voluntary movement
2.) Sensory - awareness of sensation
3.) Association - integrate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex? |
|
Definition
1.) Primary Motor Cortex
2.) Premotor Cortex
3.) Frontal Eye Field
4.) Broca's |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Primary Motor Cortex? |
|
Definition
| Control of skilled voluntary skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Premotor Cortex? |
|
Definition
| Controls learned motor skills. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field? |
|
Definition
| Controls voluntary movement of the eye. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Broca's Area? |
|
Definition
| Muscle involved with speech and when you're preparing to speak. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Sensory Areas? |
|
Definition
1.)Primary Somatosensory
2.)Somatosensory Association Cortex
3.)Visual and Auditory Areas
4.)Olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Area? |
|
Definition
| Receives information from the skin, muscles, and joints. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Somatosensory Association Cortex? |
|
Definition
| Integrates temperature and pressure sensory information. Be able to recognize objects without looking at them. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 association areas? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and Posterior association. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Anterior Association Area also called and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Prefrontal Cortex and its function is complex learning. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the posterior association area and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| It is located in the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes and its function is recognizing faces and places and binding other various information together. |
|
|
Term
| What is cerebral white matter made of and what is its function? |
|
Definition
Myelinated fibers and their tracts.
It's responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex, lower CNS area and areas of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of fibers found in white matter and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
1.) Commisural - connect grey areas of the two hemispheres.
2.) Association - connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
3.) Projection - enter hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basal nuclei and where is it located? |
|
Definition
It is a concentrated area of neruon fibers that is located deep within the white matter.
Responsible for arm swing during walk. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the diencephalon and what are the 3 structures that it consists of? |
|
Definition
Central core of the forebrain.
Consists of 1.)Thalamus 2.)Hypothalamus 3.)Epithalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired, egg shaped masses that form the superiolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle. Connected at the midline. Contains 4 groups of nuclei; anterior, ventral, dorsal and posterior. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| RELAY! Afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the thalamus. Similar impulses are sorted, edited and then relayed as a group. |
|
|
Term
| All inputs that pass through the _______ have to pass through the ________. |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex & thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| Known as the "master gland". It is located below the thalamus and forms the inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| What are mammillary bodies? |
|
Definition
| Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus. Relay station for olfactory pathways. |
|
|
Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
| Stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the pituitary gland. Main visceral control center for the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| Regulates blood pressure, rate, force of beat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, visceral activities, perception of pleasure, fear, rage, temperature, hunger and sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. |
|
|
Term
| What does the brain stem control? |
|
Definition
| Automatic behaviors necessary for survival like breathing. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the midbrain located? |
|
Definition
| Between the diencephalon and the pons. |
|
|
Term
| What are cerebral peduncles? |
|
Definition
| Two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts. MIDBRAIN. |
|
|
Term
| What is a cerebral aqueduct? |
|
Definition
| Hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles. MIDBRAIN. |
|
|
Term
| What are the pons and where are they located? |
|
Definition
| Bulging brain stem region between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. Forms part of the 4th ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| What do the fibers of the pons do? |
|
Definition
1.) connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord.
2.) Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| Most inferior part of the brain stem. Forms ventral wall of 4th ventricle. Contains choroid plexus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two longitudinal ridges formed by the cortiospinal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the decussation of the pyramids? |
|
Definition
| Where the corticospinal tracts crossover. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located dorsal to the pons and medulla. Protrudes under the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contractions. |
|
|
Term
| How does cerebellar activity occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 tissue membranes that lie externally to the CNS? Name them in order of occurrence - outer to inner. |
|
Definition
1.)Dura Mater
2.) Arachnoid Mater
3.) Pia Mater |
|
|
Term
| What is the dura mater made of? |
|
Definition
| Leather strong meninx made of 2 fibrous connective tissue layers that sometimes separate to form dural sinuses. |
|
|
Term
| _____ ______ ______ extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 dural septa and where are they located? |
|
Definition
1.) Falx Cerebri - dips into longitudinal fissure.
2.) Falx Cerebelli - runs along vermis of cerebellum.
3.) Tentorium cerebelli - horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure. |
|
|
Term
| What is arachnoid mater separated from the dura mater by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the subarachnoid space filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are arachnoid villi? Why are they there? |
|
Definition
| Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly. They are there because they permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deepest meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functional brain systems? |
|
Definition
1.) The Limbic
2.) Reticular Formation |
|
|
Term
| What is the Limbic System responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the brain are associated with the LS? (remember, rhinos and hippos ate!) |
|
Definition
| Rhinencephalon, the amygdala, hypothalamus, and anterior nuclei of the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| The __________ deals with anger, fear repsonses, and danger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The limbic system also associates memories with _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| In brain stem area. (pons, medulla oblongata) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three broad columns along the length of the brain stem that make up the RF? |
|
Definition
1.) Raphe Nuclei.
2.) Medial Group (lg cell).
3.) Lateral Group (sm cell). |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the brain is the RF associated with? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What is the RAS and it's 3 main functions? |
|
Definition
Reticular Activation System.
1.) Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it alert.
2.) Filters out repetivive/weak stimuli.
3.) Motor functions - coarse, autonomic control. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the RAS located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spinal cord and where does it begin and end? |
|
Definition
| CNS tissue enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1. |
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord provides __-___ _______ to and from _________. |
|
Definition
| two-way communication & the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater filled with fat and veins. |
|
|
Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge? |
|
Definition
| Cervical and lumbar enlargements. |
|
|
Term
| What is the terminal portion of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the cocyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the delicate shelves of pia mater that connects the spinal cord to the vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
|
Definition
| Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral column. Horse tail. |
|
|
Term
| What separates the anterior funiculi? |
|
Definition
| The anterior median fissure. |
|
|
Term
| What separates the posterior funiculi? |
|
Definition
| The posterior median sulcus. |
|
|
Term
| What is gray matter made of? |
|
Definition
| Soma (cell body), unmyelinated process, and neuroglia. |
|
|
Term
| What is gray commisure and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It connects masses of grey matter and encloses the central canal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the posterior dorsal horns composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the anterior ventral horns composed of? |
|
Definition
| Interneurons and somatic motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What are lateral horns composed of? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nerve fibers. |
|
|
Term
| The dorsal half of the spinal cord have _____ roots and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventral half of the spinal cord have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dorsal - _______.
Ventral - _______. |
|
Definition
In - sensory.
Out - motor. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four zones within the grey matter? |
|
Definition
1.)Somatic Sensory
2.) Visceral Sensory
3.) Visceral Motor
4.) Somatic Motor |
|
|
Term
| In white matter in the spinal cord, the fibers run 3 ways. ____, _____, and ______. |
|
Definition
1.) ascending
2.) descending
3.) transversely |
|
|
Term
| What are the three funiculi that the spinal cord white matter is divided into? |
|
Definition
1.) Posterior Funiculi
2.) Lateral Funiculi
3.) Anterior Funiculi |
|
|
Term
| What are ascending the descending pathways? |
|
Definition
| The highway the AP travel to and from the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| The nonspecific and ascending tracts... |
|
Definition
| sends information from receptors to CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Descending sends processed information... |
|
Definition
| OUT to the effectors (muscles, glands) |
|
|
Term
| Are ascending and descending pathways made out of one long neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nonspecific and specific pathways are responsible for... |
|
Definition
| discriminative touch and conscious proprioception. |
|
|
Term
| The spinocerebral tracts send impulses where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the spinocerebral tracts contribute to sensory perception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are first order neurons? |
|
Definition
| They are in dorsal root and conduct impulses from skin to the spinal cord or brain stem. |
|
|
Term
| What are second order neurons? |
|
Definition
| They are in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord/medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum. |
|
|
Term
| What are third order neurons? |
|
Definition
| Located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
| What are descending motor pathways? |
|
Definition
| Once information is processed, action is taken through the descending pathways. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two groups that descending pathways are divided into? |
|
Definition
Direct - Pyramidal System
Indirect - Extrapyramidal System |
|
|
Term
| How many neurons do motor pathways involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the direct pyramidal system work? |
|
Definition
| Originates in the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri. An impulse directly activates a skeletal muscle. This system is used to regulate fast and fine tuned motor skills. |
|
|
Term
| What organs are included in the indirect extrapyramidal system? |
|
Definition
| Brain stem. motor nuclei and all motor pathways that are NOT apart of the direct pyramidal system. |
|
|
Term
| What tracts are apart of the extrapyramidal system? |
|
Definition
| rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What do these motor pathways regulate? |
|
Definition
1.) Axial muscles that maintain balance and posture.
2.) Muscles controlling course movements of the proximal limbs
3.) Head, neck and eye movement. |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called ______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical activity in the brain is _____ _______ of the ______. |
|
Definition
| synaptic activity of the cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Are brain waves the same in all people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of frequency for brain waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to record brain activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of brain waves? |
|
Definition
1.)Alpha
2.)Beta
3.)Theta
4.)Delta |
|
|
Term
| Which wave indicates an "idling" brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which wave is rare in adults but common in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which wave is seen in awake and mentally alert people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which wave is seen in deep sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major types of sleep? |
|
Definition
| Non Rapid Eye Movement and Rapid Eye Movement. |
|
|
Term
| When does REM sleep occur? |
|
Definition
| After the fourth NREM stage has been achieved. |
|
|
Term
| When does a person pass through all 4 stages of NREM sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the body during REM sleep? |
|
Definition
1.) Vital signs increase
2.) Skeletal muscles (not eyes) are inhibited.
3.) Dreams take place. |
|
|
Term
| What is CSF and it's main purpose? |
|
Definition
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid - Protection. |
|
|
Term
| What is choroid plexus, where are they located, and how do they help the CSF? |
|
Definition
| They are clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters. They hang from the roof of each ventricle. They cleanse the CSF by removing wastes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood Brain Barrier - protective mechanism that helps to maintain a stable environment for the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How are blood borne substances separated from neurons? |
|
Definition
1.)Continuous epithelium of capillary walls. (tight junctions)
2.)Relatively thick basale lamina
3.)Bulbous feet of astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the BBB? |
|
Definition
1.)Selective barrier
2.)Ineffective against lipid soluble molecules.
3.) Absent in some areas so they can monitor the composition of blood. ex: vomiting center in hypothalamus. |
|
|
