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Central Nervous System
Human Anatomy - Dr. Gardner
116
Anatomy
Not Applicable
11/06/2011

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Term
What is the study of the nervous system?
Definition
Neurology
Term
What is surgery involving the nervous system?
Definition
Neurosurgery
Term
What is the study of the biological function of the nervous system?
Definition
Neurophysiology
Term
What is the study of the structure of the nervous system?
Definition
Neuroanatomy
Term
Based on anatomical components, what division of th nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord?
Definition
Central Nervous System
(CNS)
Term
Based on anatomical components, what division of the nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia?
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Term
Define Cranial Nerve.
Definition
Nerves that extend from the brain
Term
Define Spinal Nerve.
Definition
Nerves that extend from the spinal cord
Term
Define Ganglia.
Definition
Clusters of neuron cell bodies out side the CNS
Term
What are the three general functions of the CNS and PNS?
Definition
Collecting Information
Processing and Evaluating Information
Responding to Information
Term
List the two subdivisions of the sensory division of the nervous system.
Definition
Somatic Sensory
Visceral Sensory
Term
What subdivision of the sensory division of the sensory division of the nervous system deals with stretch and temperature from blood vessels and internal organs?
Definition
Visceral Sensory
Term
What is the function of the motor division of the nervous system?
Definition
To transmit motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
Term
List the two subdivisions of the motor division of the nervous system.
Definition
Somatic Motor System
Visceral Motor system (Autonomic)
Term
What subdivision of the motor division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscles?
Definition
Somatic Motor System
Term
What subivision the the motor division is involuntary and controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
Definition
Visceral Motor System
Term
List the two cell types of the nervous system.
Definition
Neurons
Glial Cells
Term
What type of cell initiates and transmits impulses within the nervous system?
Definition
Neurons
Term
What type of cells spport and protect neurons?
Definition
Glial Cells
Term
What part of a neuron holds the nucleus and is the control center of the cell?
Definition
Cell Body
Term
What part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Definition
Axon
Term
What is a cable-like bundle of paralles axons?
Definition
A Nerve
Term
What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?
Definition
Synapse
Term
Whaen does the nervous system begin to develop?
Definition
3rd Week
Term
From wich germ layer does the nervous system develop?
Definition
Ectoderm
Term
What is the thickended portion of tissue over the notochord calles?
Definition
Neural Plate
Term
What is the process in which structures of the nervous system are formed?
Definition
Neuralation
Term
During the development of the nervous system, what longitudinal indentation formes from the neural plate?
Definition
Neural Groove
Term
During the development of the nervous system, what hollow structure is formed as the neural folds meet?
Definition
Neural Tube
Term
What is the average range of weight of the human brain?
Definition
1.5-1.4 kg
(about 3 lbs)
Term
What is the average volume of the human brain?
Definition
1200-1500 cc
Term
How many neurons make up the CNS?
Definition
100 Billion
Term
What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons?
Definition
Gray Matter
Term
What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?
Definition
White Matter
Term
What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
Within the interior of the brain, what are clusters of gray matter?
Definition
Cerebral Nuclei
Term
Collectively, what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Definition
Meninges
(Meninx)
Term
Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?
Definition
Dura Mater
Term
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Definition
Periosteal Layer
Menigeal Layer
Term
What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?
Definition
Dural Venous Sinuses
Term
What potential space lies between the dura and the cranium?
Definition
Epidural Space
Term
What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?
Definition
Subdural Space
Term
Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?
Definition
Arachnoid
Term
What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?
Definition
Subarachnoid Space
Term
What meninx is the deepest and , unlike the others, follows the contours of the brain?
Definition
Pia Mater
Term
Collectively, what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide addtional stabilization and support for the brain?
Definition
Cranial Dural Septa
Term
What are the cavities within the brain?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachniod space?
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF)
Term
List the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Definition
Boyancy
Protection
Environmental Stability
Term
Withing the ventricles of the brain, what stuctues form CSF?
Definition
Choroid Plexuses
Term
About how much CSF is formed every day?
Definition
500 mL
Term
About how much CSF is within the CNS at any given time?
Definition
100-160 mL
Term
What structures reabsorb CSF?
Definition
Arachnoid Villi
Term
Outline the flow of CSF.
Definition
*Produced by choroid plexus in the Lateral Ventricles
*Flows from Lteral Ventricles through interventricular foramina into 3rd ventricle
*More is formed in the 3rd ventricle and flows through the mensencephalic aqueduct into the 4th ventricle
*Flows into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle or into the central canal of the spinal cord
*Travels through the subarachnoid space
*Reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi in the dural venous sinuses
Term
What is the funtion of the blood-brain barrier?
Definition
Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
Term
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Definition
Consious thought process
Origin of all complex intellectual functions
Term
What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
Definition
Gyri
(Gyrus)
Term
What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?
Definition
Sulci
(Sulcus)
Term
What are the deep grooves of the cerebrum?
Definition
Fissures
Term
What are the two halves of the Cerebrum?
Definition
Cerebral Hemispheres
Term
What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?
Definition
Longitudinal Fissure
Term
What large tract of white matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?
Definition
Corpus Callosum
Term
What are three important points with respect to the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
It is difficult to assign a precise function to a specific region
Hemisphers recieve information and sends motor commands to and from the opposite side of the body
Hemispheres display functional differences (lateralization)
Term
How many lobes lie within a cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
5
Term
What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Definition
Frontal Lobe
Term
What are the anatomical borders of the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Definition
Central Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus
Term
What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus and is responsible for primary motor function?
Definition
Precentral Gyrus
Term
List the primarty functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
Definition
Voluntary Motor Functions
Concentration
Verbal Communications
Descision Making
Planning
Personality
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
Parietal Lobe
Term
What importan anatomical feature lies immediatly posterior to the central sulcus?
Definition
Post central Gyrus
Term
What are the functions of the Parietal lobe?
Definition
General senory functions such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
Definition
Temporal Lobe
Term
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Definition
Hearing
Interprting Speech and Language
Smell
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
Occipital Lobe
Term
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
Definition
Visual Processing
Visual Memories
Term
What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Definition
Insula
Term
What are the apparent functions of the Insula?
Definition
Memory
Interpretation of Taste
Term
The pimary motor cortex is located within what structure of the brain?
Definition
Precentral Gyrus
Term
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Definition
Control Voluntary Skeletal Muscle Activity
Term
The motor speech area is located within what region of the brain?
Definition
Inforlateral Portion of the Left Frontal Lobe
Term
What is the function of the motor speech area?
Definition
Regulating patterns of breathing and controlling the muscual movements necessary for vocalization
Term
Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?
Definition
Post central Gyrus of the Parietal Lobe
Term
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Definition
Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Term
Where does the primary visual cortex occur?
Definition
Occipital Lobe
Term
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Definition
Receive and process visual information
Term
Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?
Definition
Temporal Lobe
Term
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Definition
Receive and process auditory information
Term
Where does the gustatory cortex occur?
Definition
Insula
Term
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Definition
Processing of taste information
Term
Where does the olfactory cortex occur?
Definition
Temporal Lobe
Term
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Definition
Provide conscious awareness of smell
Term
What is the function of association areas within the cerebrum?
Definition
Process and interpret incoming data or coorinate a motor response
Term
What are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Tracts
Term
What are paired,irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?
Definition
Cerebral Nuclei
Term
What part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?
Definition
Diencephalon
Term
What structure partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalons and covers the third ventricle?
Definition
Epithalamus
Term
What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
What are the functions of the thatlamus?
Definition
To act as the principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and projected to the primary sensory cortex
To filter sensory infromation so that only a small portion o it goes to the cerebrum
To inform the cerebrum as to where the sensory information is coming from
Term
What part of the brain lies inferior to the thalamus?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Definition
Infudibulum
Term
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Definition
Master control of the ANS
Master control of the endocrine system
Regulation of body temperature
Control of emotional behavior
Control of food intake
Control of water intake
Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms
Term
What three regions form the brainstem?
Definition
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What is a synonym for mesencephalon?
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Within the midbrain, what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?
Definition
Cerebral Peduncles
Term
Within the midbrain, what is the the "Body of Four Twins"?
Definition
Corpora Quadrigemina
Term
What are the "visual reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Definition
Superior Colliculi
Term
What are the "auditory reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Definition
Inferior Colliculi
Term
What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?
Definition
Pons
Term
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
What ar the right and left halves of the cerebellum?
Definition
Cerebellar Hemispheres
Term
What worm-like stucture of the cerebellum lies betwen the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Definition
Vermis
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
Coordinates and "fine-tunes" skeletal muscle movement
Maintains equilibrium and posture
Term
What thick tracts connectthe cerebellum to the brainstem?
Definition
Cerebellar Peduncles
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