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Cells and Tissues
Lecture
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2011

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Term
Integral Protein
Definition
Penetrate the Membrane
Term
Peripheral Protein
Definition
Located on surface of membrane
Term
Peripheral Protein Function
Definition
Enzyme, muscle cell movement, cell recognition
Term
Integral Protein Function
Definition
Transports material in and out of cell
Term
Dynamic Membrane
Definition
The phospholipids constantly move, and some proteins do as well
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water through a membrane
Term
Hypertonic Solution (from aspect of solution)
Definition
more solute in environment than in cell (cell shrinks)
Term
Hypotonic Solution (from aspect of solution)
Definition
less solute in the environment than the cell (cell bursts)
Term
Hypotonic Cell
Definition
Has more water than the surroundings
Term
Hypertonic Cell
Definition
has less water than the surroundings
Term
Molecules that are moved by facilitated diffusion
Definition
large, highly polar, or highly charged
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
molecule binds to specific protein and uses no energy.
glucose fructose galactose urea and some vitamins
Term
Active Transport
Definition
substance binds to specific protein using up an ATP.
Phosphate group attaches to the protein and changes shape.
Term
Vesicular movement
Definition
modification of cell membrane phospholipid bilayer.
exocytosis and endocytosis
Term
exocytosis
Definition
vesicle fuses with cell membrane (Neurotransmitters, hormones, and enzymes)
Term
endocytosis
Definition
membrane surrounds particle and forms vesicle and pinches off (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis)
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
eating bacteria, viruses, or dead cells
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
drinking water and solutes
Term
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
vitamins, hormones, antibodies
Term
nucleus
Definition
has nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, contains chromosomes, nucleolus,
Term
Nucleus Function
Definition
contains units of heredity and directs cells activities
Term
chromosomes
Definition
DNA and Histone Protein used in gene regulation
Term
nucleolus function
Definition
site of ribosomal synthesis
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Most numerous organelle
No membrane.
forms proteins and has 2 subunits
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Complex system of internal membranes
Rough and Smooth
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
no ribosomes
Lipid production and Calcium storage
Term
Rough ER
Definition
has ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Term
Golgi Complexes
Definition
Loosely packed membrane sacks
packages for the cells by vesicles from the end.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
large kidney shaped powerhouse
has its own DNA and a double membrane
inner membrane is site of ATP synthesis
Term
Cilia
Definition
Short power strokes to move cell and move things along cell membrane
Term
Flagella
Definition
Whip like hair for movement
Term
Centrioles
Definition
found in cytoplasm next to nucleus
pull chromatids across cell to chromosomes
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
network of Protein filaments
holds organelles in place
fluid, not static
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Uncoiled DNA wrapped around proteins during normal activity
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Rod shaped bodies seen during cell division
Condensed Chromatin
Two of these compose a chromatid
Term
Chromatids
Definition
separate strands of a DNA particle before anaphase
connected by a centromere
Term
Cell cycle
Definition
G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase, Mitosis
Term
G1 Phase
Definition
Intense growth
cell organelles replicate
enzymes are produced
Term
S Phase
Definition
DNA is replicated (semiconservative)
each strand is connected by a centromere
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
Centriole replicates
Chromatin begins to condense
Term
interphase
Definition
Composed of G1, S, and G2
Term
Early Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes begin to appear
Nuclear envelope begins to disappear
Centrioles migrate to poles of cell
Term
Late Prophase
Definition
Everything is formed (spindle, chromosomes) for mitosis
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes line up along equatorial line
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Centromeres separate on Chromatid pairs
Chromatids (now called chromatids) separate
Term
Telophase
Definition
Chromosomes reach opposite poles
nuclear envelope reforms
spindle disappears
chromosomes unwind
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
accompanies nuclear division
splitting of cytoplasm
Term
Triplet
Definition
term for the three letter word in DNA that codes for amino acid
Term
amino acids
Definition
20 amino acids, 1 start and 1 stop codon
Term
genetic code
Definition
64 words (4^3)
Term
transcription
Definition
DNA is unzipped and mRNA is made
RNA polymerase connects nucleotides
Term
Translation
Definition
Occurs on ribosome
mRNA is processed and ribosome binds to tRNA to bring in amino acids for a polypeptide chain
(mRNA-codon, tRNA-anticodon=original DNA)
Term
new view of genetics
Definition
genes are fragmented among different loci and chromosomes
74-94% code for RNA
Term
Tissue
Definition
group of cells that have similar origin in the embryo
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Next to an open space
lots of cells packed together with little space in between
basement membrane composed of collagen fibers
Term
collagen
Definition
protein with quarternary structure a triple helix
Term
merocrine
Definition
secretes products by exocytosis
sweat and salivary glands
Term
holocrine
Definition
cells rupture and release contents
oil glands
Term
apocrine
Definition
top part of cell pinches off and becomes secretion
mammary glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
most abundant tissue in the body
cells are widely scattered
lots of intercellular matrix
Term
Connective tissue Function
Definition
support, protection, binding organs together, separates structures, and transport
Term
connective tissue proper
Definition
fibroblasts are most numerous
cells are embedded in fluid intercellular matrix
Term
areolar
Definition
connective proper
fibers and white blood cells for immune response
semifluid matrix
present throughout the body
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
fat storage
below skin and around organs protection
reduces heat loss
Term
dense connective
Definition
closely packed fibers
covers bone and organs
tendons and ligaments
Term
elastic connective
Definition
stretchy and branched fibers
walls of arteries
Term
reticular
Definition
web like fibers
supports organs
Term
cartilage
Definition
capable of enduring stress
dense network of fibers in jelly substance
between bones, eustachian tubes, nose
Three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
no fibers
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
has lacunae
fibers are root like
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
parallel fibers
Term
bone
Definition
fibers and mineral salts of calcium and phosphorous
storage, blood production, support, and protection
Term
blood
Definition
liquid connective tissue
plasma and elements
Term
muscle
Definition
highly specialized for contraction
for movement, heat production, and posture
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
attached to bones for movement
striated and voluntary
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
walls and tubes of hollow organs
not striated and involuntary
churns stomach fluids and moves materials
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
self stimulating
striated and involuntary
Term
nerve tissue
Definition
neruons and supporting cells
Term
neurons
Definition
highly specialized for recieving stimuli
translates it to impulses
Term
integumentary system
Definition
external covering of body 20sqft
Three divisions: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
maintains body temp, protection, stimulus percetipon, excretion and vitamin D synthesis
Term
epidermis
Definition
4-5 layers squamous epithelium
4 cell types:keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
90% of all skin cells
produces keratin
tightly attached to one another
Term
melanocytes
Definition
8% of skin cells
produces melanin which protects from UV radiation
Term
Langerhans Cells
Definition
aid in immune response
develop in bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
helps T-cells
damaged easily by UV
Term
merkel Cells
Definition
in the stratum basale of hairless skin
contacts the tactile sensory neuron
for touching
Term
stratum basale
Definition
single row of cuboidal or columnar cells
produces keratinocytes
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
8-10 rows of polyhedral cells with spines on the surface
keratinocytes take in melanin by endocytosis
middle layer of epidermis
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
3-5 layers of squamous cells
has keratohyalin (precursor to keratin)
Term
keratin
Definition
protein found in outer layer
protects against injury
Term
stratum lucidium
Definition
only found in thick skin of palms and soles
3-5 layers of clear flat dead cells with indistinct boundaries
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
most superficial layer
25-30 rows of flat dead cells filled with keratin
new surface every 1-2 weeks
barrier against environment
Term
dermis
Definition
contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and gland
composed of collagen and elastic fibers
Term
papillary region
Definition
Dermis
areolar tissue with elastic fibers
dermal papillae increases SA
Meissner's corpuscles (touch)
dermal papillae gives finger prints
Term
Reticular region
Definition
Dermis
gives ability to stretch and resume strength
dense irregular collagen
coarse elastic fibers
hair follicles, oil glands, sweat gland ducts, adipose
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
subcutaneous layer that connects dermis to organs
contains pacinein or lamellated corpuscles (pressure and vibration)
composed of loose fibrous, and supplied with lymph and blood vessels
Term
skin color
Definition
combination of melanin (epidermis), carotene (dermis and epidermis), blood capillaries
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
located in the stratum basale
all people have the same # of melanocytes
UV exposure stimulates melanin production
Term
Melanin
Definition
synthesized from tyrosine & tyrosinease
UV increases production
protects the body from UV
Term
Skin Cancer
Definition
most common form of cancer
half of cancer diagnoses in the west
Term
carotene
Definition
yellowish orange pigment
precursor of Vit. A
in stratum Corneum and Fatty areas of dermis and subcutaneous
Term
Sudiferous Glands
Definition
sweat glands
2 types: eccrine and apocrine
Term
eccrine glands
Definition
(sudiferous) most common gland
located everywhere, functions throughout life
maintains body temp and excretes waste
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
(sudiferous) only in armpit, pubic area, behind ears and nips
located in dermis/subcutaneous
open to hair follicles
starts at puberty and is thicker than eccrine glands
odorous. comes during emotional stress and sexual excitement (mammary and ceruminous are modifications)
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
produces ear wax (apocrine modification) sudiferous
Term
Hair
Definition
protection, insulation, camoflace, tactile sense (root hair plexus)
Term
root hair plexis
Definition
nerve wrapped around hair that detects movement
Term
hair loss
Definition
70-100 per day. caused by illness, diet, fever, surgery, blood loss, emotional stress, childbirth
Term
sebaceous gland
Definition
(sudiferous-apocrine) oil gland that produces sebum. softens hair and skin. opens to hair follicle
Term
sebum
Definition
oily mix of fat, cholesterol, proteins, pheromones and inorganic salts
Term
Hair shaft
Definition
superficial portion of hair
Term
hair root
Definition
portion below the skin
Term
hair follicle
Definition
sheath around the root
Term
hair bulb
Definition
enlarged base of the root
Term
hair papilla
Definition
indentation of the root base
Term
hair matrix
Definition
on top of the papilla that generates the hair
Term
arrector pili
Definition
smooth muscles that raise and lowers hair
Term
hair color
Definition
due to melanin produced in matrix
dark=melanin
red=iron
blone=sulfur
gray=no melanin
white=bubbles
Term
going gray
Definition
melanocyte stem cells divide but differentiate to melanocytes
Term
nails
Definition
epidermal derivative
protection, picking up, and scratching
Term
nail free edge
Definition
portion beyond digit
Term
nail body
Definition
attached to the digit
Term
lunula
Definition
semicircle at base of digit
Term
nail root
Definition
portion embedded in the digit
Term
nail matrix
Definition
growing layer of the nail
Term
cuticle
Definition
epidermis attached to the nail
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