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Cells and Tissues
n/a
144
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/07/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cell Theory
Definition

1. The cell is the structureal and functional unit of life.

2. All living things are composed of cells.

3.All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition

1. Composed of phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins and glycocalyx.

2. Involved in all types of transport processes.

Term
Fluid Mosiac Model
Definition
Depicts the plasma membrane as an exceedingly thin structure composed of a bilayer of lipid molescules with proteins dispersed into it.
Term
Phospholipid bilayer
Definition

Head- Hydrophilic

Tail- Hydrophobic

That form a biological membrane[image]

Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition

Integral- firmly inserted into the bilayer

Peropheral- Not imbedded and are loosely attatched to interal proteins

 

 

Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
Carbohydrate covering on membrane- sticky area on cell surface
Term
Cholesterol
Definition

Stabalizes membrane "fluidity"

 

[image]

Term
Microvilli
Definition

Increases surface area of the membrane.

 

 

Term
Tight Junction
Definition
Involves a tight connection between cells where the membranes are "fused together" thus making an impermeable membrane
Term
Anchoring Junction
Definition
Involve connections between cells that use "intermediated filaments"- Prevents their separation.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Binding Bodies
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Involves the transport of signals between cells. Here the membranes are close and have connexons that connect them.
Term
Permeable
Definition
Allows things to pass through
Term
Impermeable
Definition
Does not allow things to pass through membrane
Term
Selectively Permeable
Definition
Allows somethings to pass through while excluding others
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition

Substances move through phospholipid bilayer.

Ex. Water, gasses, non-polar substances.

Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition

Requires membrane proteins (Carrier or channel) to carry the substances across the membrane.

Ex. Glucose, Ions, amino acids

Term
Osmosis
Definition
Net flow of water across a membrane, in a response to dissolved substances.
Term
Aquaproins
Definition
Water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Net flow of water out of the cells thus the cell shrinks (crenation)
Term
Isotonic
Definition
No net flow of water thus the cell keeps same size and shape.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Net flow of water into the cell thus it expands and may burst (cytolysis)
Term
Filtration
Definition
Fluids are forces through the membrane due to hydrostatic pressure.
Term
Active Transport
Definition

Substances flow across membrane from low concentration to high concentration and uses membrane proteins.

Requires energy to do so.

Ex. Na+/K+ pump

Term
Bulk Transport
Definition

Substances flow across membrane as large molecules or in large quanities.

 

Term
Endocytosis
Definition

Process involving the invagination of the cell membrane

[image]

Term
Phagocytosis
Definition

Endocytosis of "food"-

also called cellular eating

Term
Pinocytosis
Definition

Endocytosis of "fluid"-

Also called cellular drinking

Term
Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis
Definition

Allows only specific substances to get in if they have the receptor to match.

Ex. Insulin

Term
Exocytosis
Definition

Reverse endocytosis- used by cells to release large amounts of substances or large molecules.

Ex. Glands

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition

Cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Composed of cytosol, inclusions, and organelles.

Term
Cytosol
Definition

Fluid part of the cytoplasm.

Contains water and dissolved substances

Term
Inclusions
Definition

substances that are insoluable (bulky)

ex. glycogen granules in liver cells 

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

1.rodlike double membraned structures.

2. Site of ATP synthesis

3. Powerhouse of the cell.

 

Term
Ribosomes
Definition

1. Dense particles consisting of 2 parts ( RNA and Proteins)

2. Sites for protein synthesis.

Term
Rough E.R.
Definition

1. Membrane system enclsing a cavity and coiling through cytoplasm.

2. Externally studded with ribosomes.

3. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi Apparatus.

Term
Smooth E.R.
Definition

1. Membrane system of sacs and tubles free of ribosomes.

2. Site of lipod and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification.

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition

1. Stack of smooth membrane sacs and associated vesicles close to the nucleus.

2. Packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secreation from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

Term
Lysosomes
Definition

1. Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases

2. Site of intracellular digestion.

Term
Peroxisomes
Definition

1.Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes.

2. Enzymes detoxify a number of substances- most importantly hydrogen peroxide.

Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition

1.Network of rods running through the cytosol.

2.It is literally the cell skeleton.

3. Made up of Microtubles, Microfilaments and intermediated filaments.

Term
Microtubles
Definition

1. Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins.

2. Support the cell and gives it shape.

Term
Microfilaments
Definition

1. Fine filaments composted of protein called actin.

2. Involved in muscle contaction and other types of intracellular movement.

Term
Intermediated Filaments
Definition

1. Protein fibers. composition varies.

2. Stable cytoskeletal elements and resists mechanical forces acting on the cell.

Term
Centrioles
Definition

1. Paired cylindrical bodies each composed of nine triplets of microtubles.

2. Oranize a microtuble network druing mitosis to form spindle and asters.

 

Term
Cilia
Definition

1. Short cell-surface projections.

2.Coordinated movt creates a undirection current that propels substance across cell sufaces.

3. Mucus propell

Term
Flagella
Definition

1. Longer cillium

2. Propel cell

3. Sperm only human example.

Term
Nucleus
Definition

1.Control center of the cell

2. Largest organelle.

 

Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition

1. Double membrane structure pierced by pores.

2. Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleous.

Term
Nuclear Pores
Definition
Regulate passage of materials in and out of nucleus.
Term
Nucleoli
Definition

1. Dense spherical bodies composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

2. Site of ribosome subunit manufacure.

Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
1. Jellylike fluid where other nuclear elements are suspended.
Term
Chromatin
Definition

1. Granular threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins.

2. Dna constitutes the genes.

Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Highest density of chromatins only visible during mitosis.
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition

1. Cycle of events that control cell growth and division.

[image]

Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
Each gene will eventually add up to a polypeptide strand making a protein
Term
Extracellular Materials
Definition
Any substance contributing to the body mass that are found outside the cells.
Term
Embryonic Development of Cells
Definition

1.Fertilized Egg

2. Morula- formed by mitosis and cleavage

3.blastocyst

4. Gastrala

a.Endoderm-epithelial tissue

b. Ectodeerm- epithelial and nervous tissue

c. Mesoderm- muscle and connective tissue.

Term
Cell Differentiation
Definition
The development of specific and distinctive features in cells.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition

Programmed cell death

Excess cells are eliminated.

This controlled suicide also eliminates cells that are stressed, no longer needed, injured or aged.

Term
Cell aging
Definition
Term
Free Radicals
Definition
Causes cell damage.
Term
Tissue
Definition
Groups of cells of common origin that have a common purpose
Term
Zygote
Definition
fertilized egg
Term
Blastula
Definition
fluid-filed hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large flattened cells and a small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells.
Term
Gastrula
Definition
Three primary germ layers form
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
Epithelial and nervous tissue
Term
Endoderm
Definition
Epithelial tissue
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
Muscle and nervous tissue.
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

1.Sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity.

2. Form secretory component of glands.

3. Cells are closely packed togheter.

4. Highly mitotic.

5. Avascular Tissue

6. Microvilli is common

Term
Basement Membrane
Definition
reinforces the epithelial sheet helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces while defining epithelial boundaries.
Term
Extracellular matrix
Definition
Nonliving material in connective tissue cosisting of ground substance and fibers that serparate the living cells.
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

1. Connects tissues and organs together.

2. Provides support and Protection.

3. Cells are spaced far apart.

4. Cells are mitotic but not as much as epithelial.

5. Tissues are vascular except cartilage.

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
Embryonic Tissue
Term
Ground Substance
Definition
unstructured material that fills the space between cells and contains the fibers.
Term
Proteoglycan
Definition
What ground substance is made of.
Term
Chondroitin Sulfate
Definition

One important glycosaminoglycnas which attatches to the protein core of proteoglycans.

- Large negatively charged polysaccharides that stick out from the core protein like fibers of a bottle brush.

Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition

1. Involved with movement.

2. Cells are elongated and slender.

3. Cells are contractile and electrically irritable.

4. Contains lots of actin and myosin.

5. Limitied mitosis/mitotic ability.

Term
Actin and Myosin
Definition

Actin- Contractile protein of muscle.

Myosin- Contractile protein of muscle.

Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition

1. Forms sensory receptors and communication networks.

2.Cells are usually amitotic.

3. Two major cell types- neurons and glial cells.

4. Electrically irritable and VERY sensitive.

Term
Neuron
Definition
Conduct signals.
Term
Glial Cell
Definition
Support the neurons
Term
Epithelial Cell
Definition
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition

1. Single layer of flattened cells

2. Functions as a fitration and protection tissue.

3. Major locations include air sacs of lungs, kidney, lining of blood and lymph vessels.

Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

1. Single layer of cubical cells.

2. Involved in secreation and absoption.

3. Major locations include kidney tubules and some glands.

Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition

1. Epithelial and goblet cells.

2. Single layer of elongated cells that can be ciliated.

3. Involved in secration, absobtion, and protective lining.

4. Major locations include digestive tract mucosae, uterine lining.

Term
Psedostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition

1. Single layer but cells have different lengths. Also may be ciliated.

2. Involved in secretion, absobtion and protectiving lining.

3. Mucosae of upper respiratory tract is common location.

Term
Goblet Cell
Definition
Secrete mucus
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition

1. Outer is keratinized (skin) and inner is not.

2. Several layers of flat cells.

3. Involved in protection.

4. Major locations include skin epidermis, inner lining of mouth, throat, vagina and anus.

Term
Kerantinized
Definition
Protein that makes structures it is in hard and waters resistant.
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

1. Two layers of cubical cells.

2. Involved in Protection.

3. Major locations include lining of large glandular ducts.

Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition

1. Several layers of elongated cells.

2. Involved in Protection.

3. Major locations include lining of large ducts and male urethra.

Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition

1. Cells have variable shape.

2. Involved in distensibility and protection.

3. Major locations include lining of ureters and urinary bladder.

Term
Mucosae
Definition

 composed of epithelial cells and their underlying loose connective tissue.

ex. Inner linings of the repiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.

 

Term
Mesothelium
Definition

"Middle covering"

Epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.

Term
Serosae
Definition

Composed of simple squamous cells (mesothelium) and their underlying loose connective tissues.

Forms double membrane with serous fluid between the two membranes.

ex. Pericardium, periteneum, and pleural membrane

Term
Serous Fluid
Definition
Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane
Term
Pericardium
Definition
Double layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer.
Term
Pleural Membrane
Definition
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
Serosa lining the adominopelvic cavity and viscera
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition

1. Chondrocyte is primary cell type.

2. Matrix type- amorphous fine collagen network.

3. Gives resiliency to skeleton.

4. Major locations are joints, nose, trachea, and larynx.

Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition

1. Primary cell type is Chondrocyte.

2. Elastic Fibers is matrix type.

3. Gives shape and flexibility.

4. Major locations is ear lope and epiglottis.

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

1. Primary cell is chondrocyte.

2.Matrix type is thick collagen fibers.

3. Gives tensile strength and compressibility.

4. Major locations include intervertebral discs, knee join and pubic symphysis.

Term
Chondrocyte
Definition
Mature cartilage cells.
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
Definition
Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, areolar, Adipose and reticular tissues.
Term
Dense Regular C.T.
Definition

1. Fibrocyte is major cell type.

2. Bundles of collagen fibers running longitudinally is the matrix type.

3. Connects muscles with bones and resists forces in one direction.

4. Major locations are tendons and ligaments.

Term
Dense Irregular C.T.
Definition

1. Fibroblast is major cell type.

2. Bundles of collagen fibers running in various directions is the matrix.

3. Supports some epithelia and resists forces in several directions.

4. Dermis and joint capsules are the major locations

Term
Areolar C.T
Definition

1. Fibroblast is major cell type.

2. Collagen bundles with elastic and reticular fibers.

3. Holds organs together.

4. Mucous and serous membranes and surrounds organs.

Term
Fibroblast
Definition
flat, branching cells that apprear spindle shaped in profile and present a formidable barrier to invading microorganisms.
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition

1. Major cell type is adipocyte.

2. More sparese but similar to areolar.

3. Energy reserve, protection and insulation.

4. Found under skin and around organs.

Term
Adipocyte
Definition
fat cells
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition

1. Reticular cell is primary cell type.

2. Areolar matrix type but only with reticular fibers.

3. Forms internal structure of lymphoid organs.

4. Found in lymph nodes and spleen.

Term
Reticular Cell
Definition
delicate network of reticular fibers across fibroblast.
Term
Bone
Definition

1. Osteocyte is major cell type.

2. Matrix is calcified with collagen fibers

3. Supports and protects organs, stores calcium and site of blood cell formation.

4. Found in Skeleton.

Term
Osteocyte
Definition
Mature bone cells
Term
Blood
Definition

1. Primary cell type is erythrocyte.

2. Matrix is a blood plasma.

3. Functions in circulation.

4. Found within blood vessels.

Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition

1. Muscle fiber is uninucleated and elongated cell.

2. Involved in involuntary movements.

3. Locations include outer linings of digestive tract and excretory ducts and blood vessels.

 

Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition

1. Muscle fiber is multinucleated, extremely long cell, striated and unbranched fibers.

2. Involved in voluntary movements.

3. Muscles attatched to bones.

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

1. Cardiocyte is cell type. Uusually uninucleated and shorter than skeletal muscle. Also striated and branced. Intercalated discs separate each cell.

2. Involuntary movement of blood.

3. Heart is major location

Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition

1. Neuron and Glial cells are primary cell type.

2. Sesitivity and conduction of impulses is function of neurons.

Suppor and protection is function of glial cells.

3. Found in Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs.

Term
Gland
Definition
one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition

1. Lose all their ducts

2. They produce hormones that they secrete using exocytosis.

Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition

1. Have ducts to emit their product.

2. Secrete onto body surface or into body cavities.

 

Term
Unicellular Exocrine glands
Definition

1. one celled.

2.Mucous cells and Goblet cells.

Term
Mucin
Definition
protein that forms mucus once dissolved in water
Term
Mucus
Definition
a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces.
Term
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Definition
1. Composed of a duct and secretory unit
Term
Duct
Definition
tubule in which glands secrete products
Term
Secretion
Definition
water based fluid that usually contains proteins but there is variation...product of glands
Term
Secretory Unit
Definition
Where the product is released?
Term
Acinus
Definition
Secretory Unit
Term
Fibrous Capsule
Definition
connective tissue forms around secretory unit and supplies with blood vessels?
Term
Merocrine Glands
Definition
Secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced
Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition
Accumulate product in cells until they rupture
Term
Apocrine Glands
Definition
Also accumulates products but only on free surface that then breaks off releasing secretory product.
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
abnormal mass of proliferating cells
Term
Benign Neoplasm
Definition

"Kindly"

-Tend to stay in one place and grow slowly and seldom kill hosts

Term
Malignant Neoplasm
Definition

"bad"

-Cancerous- grow rapidly everywhere and out of control

Term
Metastasis
Definition
capability for traveling to other parts of body
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
cancer-causers
Term
Mutation
Definition
Changes in DNA that alter gene specifications
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
Cancer of epithelial tissue
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
Canver of connective tissue
Term
Biopsy
Definition
sample of tissue used in determining cancerous or not
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