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cell
cells
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is ground substance
Definition

* Primarily of glycoprotien and proteoglycans.

* Amorphous transparent material

* All substance passing from cells must pass through ground substance

Term
What is Cytokinesis?
Definition

Cleavage furrow develops where metaphase plate used to be pincing.

 

Cells divides to form 2 daughter cells

Term
What is ment by Membrane potential?
Definition

Voltage difference between the interior and exterior of a cell.

* Fluid inside the cell is highly condunctive. Plasma membrane is highly resistance.

Voltage across membrane

Term
What is cellular differention?
Definition
The process by which a less specialized cell is more specialized cell type.
Term
What is a stem cell?
Definition

Multicellular organism- Ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into  a diverse range of cell type.

Embryonic stem cells: Are found in blastocytes

Adult stem cells: Found in adult tissue

Term

Interphase

Definition

Step one of Mitosis

Cell prepares for cell division

Term
Prophase
Definition

Step 2 of mitosis

Chromotin condense together to make chromosome 

Term
Metaphase
Definition

Step 3 of mitosis

Chromosome move to metaphase plate

 

Term
Anaphase
Definition

Sister chromatids are cleeved

Seperate non kinetochore microtubules elongate

start pushing apart

seperate identicle copies of genetic material

Term
Telophase
Definition

Step 4

Reversal of prophase

" Cleans up" after mitosis

Mitosis is complete

forms a new nuclear envelope

Term
What is extracellular matrix
Definition

*Protein fibers

*amprhous ground substance

* Tissue fluid

Term
What is vesicular transport?
Definition
Membrane protein which uses vesicles to move contents of the cell
Term
What is Glycolipids
Definition

Carbohydrate attached lipids

Their role is to provide energy to and serve as a markers for cellular recognition

Term
What is periphrial membrane protien
Definition

Adhere only temporary to biological membrane with which they are associated

 

Term
Integral membrane protien
Definition

Permenantly attached to the biological membrane. Most common

Transmembrane protein

Term
Semipermiable
Definition
Membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through diffusion
Term

Active transport

Definition

Uses ATP

moves particles across bio membrane

against concentration gradient

Term
Passive trasport
Definition

Moves particle across cellmembrane

does not involve chemical energy

 

Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of a particle from a high concentration to a low concentration
Term
Osmosis
Definition

Diffusion of a solvent through semipermiable membrane. Low concentration to high concentration. Up a solute gradiant.

Water

Term

mRNA

Definition
Carries coding info to the sites of protein synthesis
Term
r RNA
Definition

Ribosomal RNA

Centeral component of the ribosome provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids

Term
t RNA
Definition

Transfer RNA

Small RNA that tranfers a specific amino acid to a growing peptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.

Term
Cell Cycle:
Definition

G1: first phase: Resume high rate of speed. G indicates gap growth-enzymes

M: Nuclear division + cytoplasmic division forms a new cell wall.

S:Startswhen DNA synthesis commences DNA in the cell doubled.

G2: Production if the microtubules whch are required during mitosis.

Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Can bring into the cell: Used by all cells
Term
exocytosis
Definition
Sends secretory vesicles out of the cell
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition

" Cell drinking" Form of endocytosis fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze or breakdown.

Uses ATP

Term
Phagosyosis
Definition
engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane makes phelpsome
Term

Apoptosis

Definition

Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms.

cell is damaged beyond repair.

Remove cells

Term
Chromatin
Definition
Complex of DNA found in Euraryotic nucleus which packages chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Organized structure of DNA + Protein found in cells. Serve to package DNA and control its function
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

Provides structure support

cells

extracellular matrix

Metabolic function

Term
Skeletal
Definition

All over body

Multinuclieated

Term
cardiac Tissue
Definition

Found in the heart

can branch

one nucleaus

Intercolated disc

strong communication

Strong connection

Term
Smooth Tissue
Definition

Bladder

Mononuclied

Involuntary

Term
Fibroblast
Definition

Most common cell in connective tissue

Synthesize collagen

Term
chondroblast
Definition

Mesenchymal stem cell

Cartilage

Term
Hematopoietic stem cells
Definition

Give rise to all blood cell types

HSC's Bone marrow of adults

Term
Fibrous connective Tissue
Definition

* Structural proteins

*collagen Fibers

*reticular fibers

* elastic fibers

 

collagen fibers is the most abundant in the body 30% dry weight

Term
Muscle Fibers
Definition

Slow Twitch : Slow contraction time+ High resistance to fatigue. ST fibers are used for aerobic activities.. low level

 

Fast twitch:Quick contraction time and a low resiliance to fatigue... used for sprinting

Term
Basil Lamina
Definition
Attaches epithelial to underlying conective tissue
Term
Basement membrane
Definition
Lamina densa structure that supports overlying epithelial or endothelial cells.
Term
Mesenchymal Cell
Definition

Stemcell that is in connective tissue.

 

Responds to local injury or infection by dividingto produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblast, macrophages or other connective tissue cells

Term
Microvilli
Definition

Increase the surface area of cells:

Absorption: secretion: cellular: adhesion

Found on apical surface

inner ear

Term
Hypertonic:
Definition
Surrounded by higher concentration of solutes than within the cell itself
Term
Hypotonic
Definition

Net movement if water is into the cell. the cell contains more impermiable solute than its surrounding. Water will enter til it burst .

Isotonic_ Solutions that equal osmotic pressure

Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
A form of passive transport faciliated by proteins across membranes or through aqueous compartment of an organism
Term
Cilia
Definition

Tail like projection extending approx 5-10 micrometers off the cell body

* Serves as a sensory organelles

* signal pathways

 

Found in trachea

Term
Avascular
Definition
not associated with or supplied by blood vessels
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
Secrete their product directly onto a surface  rather than through a duct
Term
Exocrine
Definition

Secrete products via duct

 

apocrine

holocrine

merocrine

Term
Goblet cells
Definition

Glandular simple columnar epithelial

Function:secrete mucus

Intestional respiratory

Term
Merocrine
Definition

Exocrine glands

secretes to the lumen most common secrestion directly

Term
Holocrine
Definition

Exocrine gland

Secretions followed by the rupture of the plasma membrane thus releasing cellular contents in to the lumen. Sebaceous glands

Term
Apocrine
Definition

Bud their secrestions off through the plasma membrane. Producing membrane bound vesicles. Mammary glands

Goblet cells

Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

Responsible for sensing ' stimuli" and transmitting signals to and from differnt parts

 

Communication

 

 

Term
Nerve process
Definition

Finger like projections from the cell that conduct

AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS

 

Axon- carry signal away from the cell

Dendrite- Carry signal to the cell

Term
Histology
Definition
The study and classification of tissue
Term
Tissues
Definition

Epithelial: cover and Line

Connective: Cells in a matrix connects 2 types

Muscular: connective

Nervous: Rapid communication

Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition

Keratinizing : Skin

Non keratinizing : esophagus

 

Term
Stratified Cuboidal
Definition
Some glands
Term
Stratified columnar
Definition
male urethra
Term
Transitional
Definition
Bladder
Term
Epithelial tissue
Definition

Simple squamous: covers and lines vessels ( Lungs)

Simple cuboidal: Some glands ( kidneys)

Simple columnar: Digestive tract : Goblet cells

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar:respt. tract

 

Term

Epithelial tissue

Definition

* covers and lines  * Protection

* water proofing  * sensation

* also in glands  *can serete

* polar    *Basal lamina

* Avascular

* fastest regeneration rate

 

Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

1. specialized cells

2. extracellular protein fibers

3. ground substance

Term
Tissue repair
Definition

* Bleeding:

* Clot and scab:

* Injury heals from the bottom up

* Sheds scabs

Term
Protein synthesis
Definition

Transcription:DNA unzips by enzyme. one nuclied chain to be copied

Translation: mRNA to amino acid polypeptide chain

1. ribosoem attaches to m RNA starts code

2. elongaton:t RNA brings corresponding AA to codone

3. Temination: Read final mRNA codon. AKA stop codon.ends synthesis

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