* Primarily of glycoprotien and proteoglycans.

* Amorphous transparent material

* All substance passing from cells must pass through ground substance

Cleavage furrow develops where metaphase plate used to be pincing.

Cells divides to form 2 daughter cells

Voltage difference between the interior and exterior of a cell.

* Fluid inside the cell is highly condunctive. Plasma membrane is highly resistance.

Voltage across membrane

Multicellular organism- Ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into  a diverse range of cell type.

Embryonic stem cells: Are found in blastocytes

Adult stem cells: Found in adult tissue

Interphase

Step one of Mitosis

Cell prepares for cell division

Step 2 of mitosis

Chromotin condense together to make chromosome 

Step 3 of mitosis

Chromosome move to metaphase plate

Sister chromatids are cleeved

Seperate non kinetochore microtubules elongate

start pushing apart

seperate identicle copies of genetic material

Step 4

Reversal of prophase

" Cleans up" after mitosis

Mitosis is complete

forms a new nuclear envelope

*Protein fibers

*amprhous ground substance

* Tissue fluid

Carbohydrate attached lipids

Their role is to provide energy to and serve as a markers for cellular recognition

Adhere only temporary to biological membrane with which they are associated

Permenantly attached to the biological membrane. Most common

Transmembrane protein

Active transport

Uses ATP

moves particles across bio membrane

against concentration gradient

Moves particle across cellmembrane

does not involve chemical energy

Diffusion of a solvent through semipermiable membrane. Low concentration to high concentration. Up a solute gradiant.

Water

mRNA

Ribosomal RNA

Centeral component of the ribosome provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids

Transfer RNA

Small RNA that tranfers a specific amino acid to a growing peptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.

G1: first phase: Resume high rate of speed. G indicates gap growth-enzymes

M: Nuclear division + cytoplasmic division forms a new cell wall.

S:Startswhen DNA synthesis commences DNA in the cell doubled.

G2: Production if the microtubules whch are required during mitosis.

" Cell drinking" Form of endocytosis fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze or breakdown.

Uses ATP

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms.

cell is damaged beyond repair.

Remove cells

Provides structure support

cells

extracellular matrix

Metabolic function

All over body

Multinuclieated

Found in the heart

can branch

one nucleaus

Intercolated disc

strong communication

Strong connection

Bladder

Mononuclied

Involuntary

Most common cell in connective tissue

Synthesize collagen

Mesenchymal stem cell

Cartilage

Give rise to all blood cell types

HSC's Bone marrow of adults

* Structural proteins

*collagen Fibers

*reticular fibers

* elastic fibers

collagen fibers is the most abundant in the body 30% dry weight

Slow Twitch : Slow contraction time+ High resistance to fatigue. ST fibers are used for aerobic activities.. low level

Fast twitch:Quick contraction time and a low resiliance to fatigue... used for sprinting

Stemcell that is in connective tissue.

Responds to local injury or infection by dividingto produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblast, macrophages or other connective tissue cells

Increase the surface area of cells:

Absorption: secretion: cellular: adhesion

Found on apical surface

inner ear

Net movement if water is into the cell. the cell contains more impermiable solute than its surrounding. Water will enter til it burst .

Isotonic_ Solutions that equal osmotic pressure

Tail like projection extending approx 5-10 micrometers off the cell body

* Serves as a sensory organelles

* signal pathways

Found in trachea

Secrete products via duct

apocrine

holocrine

merocrine

Glandular simple columnar epithelial

Function:secrete mucus

Intestional respiratory

Exocrine glands

secretes to the lumen most common secrestion directly

Exocrine gland

Secretions followed by the rupture of the plasma membrane thus releasing cellular contents in to the lumen. Sebaceous glands

Bud their secrestions off through the plasma membrane. Producing membrane bound vesicles. Mammary glands

Goblet cells

Responsible for sensing ' stimuli" and transmitting signals to and from differnt parts

Communication

Finger like projections from the cell that conduct

AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS

Axon- carry signal away from the cell

Dendrite- Carry signal to the cell

Epithelial: cover and Line

Connective: Cells in a matrix connects 2 types

Muscular: connective

Nervous: Rapid communication

Keratinizing : Skin

Non keratinizing : esophagus

Simple squamous: covers and lines vessels ( Lungs)

Simple cuboidal: Some glands ( kidneys)

Simple columnar: Digestive tract : Goblet cells

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar:respt. tract

Epithelial tissue

* covers and lines  * Protection

* water proofing  * sensation

* also in glands  *can serete

* polar    *Basal lamina

* Avascular

* fastest regeneration rate

1. specialized cells

2. extracellular protein fibers

3. ground substance

* Bleeding:

* Clot and scab:

* Injury heals from the bottom up

* Sheds scabs

Transcription:DNA unzips by enzyme. one nuclied chain to be copied

Translation: mRNA to amino acid polypeptide chain

1. ribosoem attaches to m RNA starts code

2. elongaton:t RNA brings corresponding AA to codone

3. Temination: Read final mRNA codon. AKA stop codon.ends synthesis