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| the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to low areas of concentration |
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| spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific trans-membrane transport proteins |
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| pumping of substances across a membrane by a trans-membrane protein pump molecule |
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| diffusion of water across a membrane |
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| transport of materials into a cell |
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| endocytosis of small materials |
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| endocytosis of large materials |
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includes the cytosol and in euckaryotic cells, organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes. Also located within the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton, a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and give it support.
The cytoplasm is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance. It is composed mainly of water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. The cytoplasm helps to move materials around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. |
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| liquid found inside cells |
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| membrane-bound structures in a cell |
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| the protein assemblers of a eukaryotic cell |
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| provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power centers of the cell |
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| the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle and is surrounded by a double membrane |
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| a network of disk-like tubules, sacks and vesicles found in eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to operate as a transport system |
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| provide surface area for the action of enzymes and to provide storage space for these important enzymes. |
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| contains ribosomes on its surface, small circular structures that control protein synthesis, making it look bumpy under a microscope. Rough endoplasmic reticulum branches out and expands as protein synthesis increases, providing more surface area for ribosomes to spread out and create more proteins. |
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| contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. In white blood cells that eat bacteria, lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and serve to kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm is also a component of necrotic cell death. |
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| esponsible for protecting the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide. |
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| process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell. |
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| The chromatin, diffuse in interphase, condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome has duplicated and now consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles. |
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| The chromosomes align at the equitorial plate and are held in place by microtubules attached to the mitotic spindle and to part of the centromere. |
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| The centromeres divide. Sister chromatids separate and move toward the corresponding poles. |
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| Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the microtubules disappear. The condensed chromatin expands and the nuclear envelope reappears. The cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane pinches inward ultimately producing two daughter cells |
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