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Cell structure and organelles
A&P1: quiz on cell structures and cell organelles
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2010

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Cards

Term
how many percent water is cytoplasm?
Definition
75%-90%
Term
what are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
Term
functions of cytoskeleton
Definition
1. gives cell its shape & allow it to have a variety of shapes
2. supports the structure of cell
3. drives cell movement
Term
protein in the structure of microfilaments
Definition
actin
Term
part of cytoskeleton that aids in cell movement and in division
Definition
microfilaments
Term
part of cytoskeleton, form microvili
Definition
micronfilaments
Term
main role of intermediate filaments
Definition
anchor cell organelles
Term
part of cytoskeleton; main structure protein- tubulin
Definition
microtubules
Term
where are microtubules found?
Definition
1. flagella
2. cilia
3. centrosome
Term
main function of microtubules
Definition
move spindle fibers in cellular division
Term
true/false: the centrosome is located near nucleus
Definition
true: the centrioles pull chromosomes via spindle fibers during cell division
Term
formation site for mitotic spindle and microtubules
Definition
pericentriolar area
Term
basic structure of centromere
Definition
two perpendicular centrioles . Each is made of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules
Term
explain 9+0 structure of centriole
Definition
9 clusters (of 3 microtubules) + 0 clusters in the middle
Term
functions of centrosome
Definition
1. pericentriolar area: place of formation for mitotic spindle fibers and for microtubules
2. role in formation of cilia and flagella (through microtubules)
Term
basal body of cilia and flagella
Definition
centriole: innitiates cilia's& flagella's assembly
Term
explain 9+2 structure of cilia and flagella
Definition
9 pairs of microtubules + 1 pair of microtubules in the basal body
Term
pattern in movement of cilia
Definition
oarlike pattern: stiff during power stroke, flexible during recovery
Term
pattern in movement of flagella
Definition
wave-like
Term
composition of ribosome
Definition
1. RNA
2. proteins
Term
true/false: the two subunits of ribosome are joined together in nucleolus
Definition
False: each subunit is produced in the nucleolus, but the two are assembled in the cytoplasm
Term
role of ribosomes on ER
Definition
make proteins for : 1. organelles
2. plasma membrane
3. extracell. export
Term
role of free-floating ribosomes
Definition
make protein for cytoplasm
Term
role of ribosomes in mitochondria
Definition
make mitochondrial proteins
Term
where is the origin of the rough ER
Definition
nuclear envelope
Term
origin of smooth ER
Definition
rough ER
Term
role of rough ER?
Definition
1. protein synthesis
2. phospholipid synthesis
Term
role of smooth ER
Definition
1. synthesis of fatty acids
2. synthesis of steroids
3. inactivates and detoxifies drugs
4. stores& releases Ca+ that triggers contractions in muscle cells
5. removes PO4 group from glucose-6-phosphate
Term
modifies, collects, packages and distributes molecules
Definition
Golgi
Term
basic structure of Golgi
Definition
3-20 cisternae
Term
convex part of Golgi that faces rough ER where vesicles enter Golgi
Definition
cis/entry face
Term
concave cisterna that faces plasma membrane; protein exit Golgi
Definition
exit/trans face
Term
cisternae that form glycoproteins, glycolipida and lipoproteins
Definition
medial cisternae
Term
full of enzymes; digests waste of the cell
Definition
lysosome
Term
clean up crew of the cell
Definition
lysosome
Term
true/false: lysosomes can self-replicate
Definition
true
Term
true/false: lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle
Definition
true. the enzymes are enclosed in membrane , so that cell doesn't digest itself
Term
type of active transport; process through which lysosomes digest the waste/cell/organelle
Definition
endocytosis
Term
origin of lysosome
Definition
Lysosome - vesicle formed from Golgi complex
Term
two basic enzymes that peroxysomes contain
Definition
1. oxidase
2. catalase
Term
role of oxidize in peroxisomes
Definition
oxidizes (removes H+) from toxic substances
Term
autophagy
Definition
process through which lysosomes digest worn-out cell organelles
Term
autolysis
Definition
process through which lysosomes digest entire cell
Term
vesicle that produces hydrogen peroxide as part of it digestive function
Definition
peroxisome
Term
role of catalase in perozisomes
Definition
decomposes hydrogen perozide
Term
process through which new peroxisomes form
Definition
they bud from older peroxisomes
Term
organ in which cells are more likely to have more peroxisomes
Definition
liver (detoxify alcohol)
Term
barrel-shaped structures that digest unneeded, faulty proteins from cytosol and nucleus
Definition
proteasomes
Term
main enzyme in the structure of proteasomes
Definition
protease: cuts proteins into peptides
Term
cell organelle that have their own DNA and can reproduce on their own
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Aerobic Cellular Respiration occurs here
Definition
mitochondria
Term
cristae is found in which of the two mitochondrial membranes?
Definition
inner membrane
Term
role of cristae
Definition
provide more space for cell respiration
Term
in which organelle& specific place is ADP phosphorilated into ATP
Definition
mitochondria; cristae
Term
how many ATP are produced from 1 molec glucose
Definition
36 molecules of ATP
Term
name 3 organs whose cells have the most mitochondria
Definition
1. muscle
2. liver
3. kidneys
Term
how many phospholipid layers is the nuclear envelope composed of?
Definition
4 layers: two phospholipid bilayers
Term
role of nucleolus in nucleus
Definition
1. Assembles ribosomal subunits
2. synthesis of RNA
Term
what are autosomes? (autosomal chromosomes) and example of autosomal disorder?
Definition
autosomes: first 22 chromosomes in the karyotype. autosomal disorder: Down Syndrome
Term
transcription
Definition
the 2-stranded DNA separates into 2, 1-stranded mRNA (A-A; T-U)
Term
where does transcription occur?
Definition
in the nucleus
Term
what enzyme catalyzes transcription?
Definition
RNA polymerase
Term
triplet
Definition
sequence of 3 nucleotides in the DNA strand (e.g.: ATT)
Term
introns
Definition
useless pieces of DNA which are not translated into protein. It stays in the nucleus
Term
enzyme that cuts out introne
Definition
snRNP
Term
translation
Definition
mRNA is decoded to produce a specific amino acid chain that will fold into protein
Term
where does translation occur
Definition
at ribosome
Term
what kind of RNA assists translation
Definition
tRNA
Term
codon
Definition
sequence of 3 nucleotides in RNA (eg: UAG)
Term
anticodon
Definition
sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA that compliment a codon brought by mRNA
Term
how many amino acids are there
Definition
20
Term
how many codons are known
Definition
64
Term
apoptosis
Definition
normal, programmed cell death; sth triggers suicide enzymes; cell shrinks and phagocytosis occurs
Term
necrosis
Definition
pathological cell death caused by injury or infection; cell bursting; spilling of cytoplasm
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