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Cell Organelles
Chapter 3 pg 69-79
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2013

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Term

Cytosol

 

Definition

-all of the organelles are embedded in this viscous fluid

-a water based solution containing salts, bicarbonate, oxygen, CO2, and minerals. 

Term
Inclusions
Definition
-globules of substances such as lipid, mucus, and pigments, many of which are formed as the result of disease
Term
Chromatin
Definition

- a dense tangle of DNA strands

-Dna is visible as this

Term
Nucleolus
Definition

-a small, darkly colored region of the nucleus where ribosomes are partially assembled

-contains a particularly dense chromatin tangle

Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition

-surrounds the nucleoplasm

-two-layered membrane

-acts as a gatekeeper

-has tiny holes called nuclear pores

Term
Nuclear Pores
Definition
-tiny holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to pass into or out of the nucleus
Term
Histones
Definition
-nuclear organizing proteins that long threads of DNA are wound around
Term
Gene
Definition

-specific segment of coding DNA that encodes a particular protein. 

-they do not make proteins themselves, but rather tell the remainder of the cell how to make them

-defective ones carry defective instructions and cause the cell to build useless or damaging proteins

Term
Genome
Definition
-all the genes, together, consitute the person's _______
Term
Vesicles
Definition

-water bubbles with a phospholipid membrane wall.

-transport substances into or out of the cell and between organelles

Term

ribosomes

 

Definition

-tiny granules composed of protein and a special variety of RNA

-they are critically important because they assemble proteins

-depending on the type of protein they are assembling, they will either stay in the cytoplasm or migrate over to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Term
RER
Definition

-a series of interconnected sacs coated with ribosomes

-modifies proteins synthesized by the attached ribosomes

Term
SER
Definition

-not coated with ribosomes

-its interconnected tubes synthesize lipis and in some cells break down nutrients and toxins.

-liver cells have large amount of SER because they break down and excrete drugs and waste products of metabolism

Term

Golgi apparatus

 

Definition

-the cell's distribution center

-it further modifies proteins it recieves from the RER and packages them into transport vesicles. 

-hollow, membranous organelle somewhat like a stack of partially deflated balloons.

-the cisternae are physically separate

Term
Lysosomes
Definition

-membrane-bound packets of digestive enzymes that digest/break apart other substances

 

Term
The _____ are synthesized by the ____ and packaged by the _______ into a packet of digestive exymes- a _________
Definition

1. enzymes

2. RER

3. Golgi

4. lysosomes

Term
peroxisomes
Definition

-another type of cytoplasmic enzyme sac

-the enzymes in this sac detoxify alcohol and other cellular toxins and are especially abundant in liver cells

Term
Proteasomes
Definition

-tird organelle of degradation

-tiny barrel-shaped structures composed of protein

-capture and degrade proteins that are no longer required by the cell or proteins that have been synthesized properly

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

-produce most of the energy required for all cell activities (generate energy from nutrients and oxygen into ATP)

and are the powerhouses of body metabolism

-very active cells are packed with this 

-composed of an outer, smooth membrane and an inner membrane with many folds studded with enzymes. 

Term
Microfilaments
Definition

-polymers of actin, a globular protein. 

-small, but mighty

-they form a latticework supporting the cell membrane, participate in the contraction of muscle cells, and aid the movement of certain mobile cells whose job is to crawl about as they do their work

Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition

-consist of long protein fibers interwoven into strong ropes.

-stabalize the placement of organelles and strengthen the nuclear envelope

Term
Microtubules
Definition

-polymers of tubulin molecules

-hollow

-attach to certain cell parts and act as pulleys to move parts around in the cell

Term
Centrioles
Definition

-place where microtubules are built

-short bundle of tubules bound together like a bundle of sticks

-when combined, form a small organelle called the centrosome, which organizes microtubules into an array for separating chromosones during cell division

Term
Cell Cycle
Definition

-orderly sequence of events by which one cell reproduces to form two.

-divided into two phases, the interphase and mitosis

 

Term
Replication
Definition
-before a cell can divide, it must prepare a complete and exact copy of its DNA for distribution to the two new daughter cells. 
Term
Mitosis
Definition

-occurs after DNA is duplicated

-the division of the original "mother" nucleus into two identical twin "daughter" nuclei

-consists of four steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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