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CDI 310 Test 3
CDI
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/23/2015

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Term
Speech
Definition

requires modified use of the laryrngeal valve

 

amount of airflow resistacne is determined by the type of speech (whispering, breathy, voicing) 

-in speech, in stead of cutting airflow off completely, the vocal fold adduct just enough to begin vibration

-swallowing reflexes prevent speech all together

 

Term
voiceless consonants
Definition

laryngeal vavle is opened so air can flow unobstructed into the throat and mouth

air can be resisted by the lips and tongue

-breathing adjustments are least modified

 

Term
whispering
Definition

considerable resistance of air from the vocal folds

-if there was no friction, whipering would be inauditable

-glottal edges stiffen

-VF's far enough apart--no vibration

-glottis seperated posteriorly--glottal chink(allow airflow without vibration)

 

Term
Each cycle of vibration is caused by
Definition

-subglottal air pressure

-bernouli effect

Term
Bernouli Effect
Definition
Velocity of gas or liquid increase, pressure decrease
Term
Increase of subglottal pressure....
Definition
....increase of voice intensity
Term
Changes in fundamental frequency causues..
Definition
tense vocal folds and stong bernouli effect
Term
glottal waveform has..
Definition
higher amplitude, shorter period, and faster closing
Term
glottal cycle
Definition

-single vibration of vocal fold

3 stages:

1. opening

2. closing

3. closed

Term
opening phase of glottal cycle
Definition
VF blow apart until the escape of air reduces subglottal pressure enough for fold resistance to take over
Term
closing phase of glottal cycle
Definition

begins as folds move toward eachother, ending as soon as the glottis is closed (or as nearly closed as it will get)

 

Term
closed phase of the glottal cycle
Definition
VF's absorb the impact of the collision when they come together. subglottal pressure arises
Term
Vocal Folds opening and closing from bottom to top causes..
Definition
Vertical Phase Difference
Term
Vertical Phase Difference
Definition

is the effect of loose coupling of the cover and muscle

-produces the vertical mucosal wave essential for speech

 

-vibration would not occur at all if not for VPD in VF's during glottal cycle

Term
forces the operate in glottal cycle
Definition

-determine when & where the VF's will seperate

-how quickly they will open & close

-how long they will remain closed 

Term
Neurochronaxic Theory
Definition
needs nerual impulses
Term
Cover-Body Theory
Definition
wave patterns of the vocal fold
Term

(First Vibratiory Complexity)

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

Definition

glottal vibration is the result of the interaction between aerodynamic forces & vocal fold muscular forces

-theory= phonation is the interaction of airflow with muscular resistance

 

Term
Second Vibratory Complexity
Definition

motion of the mucous membrane covering the true VF's

-vibrates more than the vocalis

-moves like jelly

-may be more essential to phonation than the muscles

Term
Aerodynamic Forces
Definition

Bernouli Effect

- gives lift to an airplane wing

Term

Myoelastic Factor 

(muscular & elastic tissue)

Definition
factors of laryngeal muscular resistance to air flow
Term

Longitudinal Tension

(stiffness)

Definition

to stiffen the folds and increase thier resistance resulting from mass 

-thicken vocalis muscle

Term
Viscous Forces
Definition

determines how well they dissapte force applied to them

-the more viscous the VF's, the more they decrease velocity of any movement they are forced to make 

Term
CONSIDER THIS- the trachea & laryngeal airway as being compared to a freeway, and the molecules of the air are like cars on the freeway..
Definition

closer the molecules, the higher pressure and slower they move

faster the air velocity, the lower they pressure, and the faster they move and further spaced apart

Term
Register
Definition

mode of adjustment of the larynx by which the voice is produced

-makes a profound difference in quality, pitch, range, and loudness.

3 types:

1. Modal

2. Falsetto

3. Pulse

Almost all speech is produced with 1 register w a combo of modes of laryngeal vibration

Term

Modal Register

(chest or heavy)

Definition

used for speech

-produced low fundamental requencies

-associated w/ vocalis muscle (keep VF short) & cricothyroid muscle (produce high Fun. Freq.)

-VF's short and thick

-VF stiffness is low

-folds come together completely

-rich in harmonics

-conversion of muscular-aerodynamic energy to sound energy is efficient

Term

Falsetto Register

(light)

Definition

produces a higher range of Fun. Freq.

vocalis is lax, cricothyroid adjusts the length of VF

-long, thin VF

-stiffer folds

-smaller amp of vibration

-incomplete closure

-few high harmonics

-less eff. in converting energy

Term

Pulse Register

(vocal fry, glottal fry, glottal roll)

Definition

low freq., sounds are often rough and deep

NOT used freq. for speech or singing

-short, thick, lax VF

-complex vibratory patterns

-folds come together twice in each closing phase

Term
Pitch
Definition

perception of fundamental frequency of voice determined by glottal vibration rate

-related to sxie of the larynx and espeically to the size of VF's

Term
Fundamental Frequency
Definition

measure of how high or low the frequency of a persons voice sounds. Its psychological correlation is pitch. 

-frequency of the VF vibration & correlates w/ changes in VF tension & subglottal air pressure

Term
Ranges of Fundamental Frequencies in people
Definition

Males: 80-240 Hz ≈125 Hz

Females:165- 225 Hz

Infant: 100-1200 Hz

Term
as larynx grows..
Definition

fundamental freq. decreases

-adolesants grow fastest--fastest change in larynx

voice breaks

skips

unsteadiness

Term
Source-Filter
Definition
relates to speech as a two stage process
Term
Source
Definition
Glottis--consisting of vocal fold vibration
Term
Filter
Definition

any area superior to glottis (vocal tract)

-anything that can selectivly permit some things to pass through and block other things

-when there is movement of the articulators, sound change occurs. VFs make a tone & the vocal tract modifies the tone

Term
Mastication
Definition
Chewing
Term
Deglutition
Definition
Swallowing
Term
Cavities of Vocal tract
Definition

-Oral Cavity

 

-Pharyngeal Cavity (3 sections)

1.nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3.laryngopharynx

 

-Nasal Cavity

Term
Mobile Articulators (5)
Definition

lips

velum (soft palate)

tongue

mandible

cheeks

Term
other structures that can move & can accomodate the articulatory changes
Definition

pharyngeal cavity

hyoid bone

Term
immoblie articulators
Definition

alveolar ridge

hard palate

teeth

Term
most important articulators
Definition

tongue

mandible

teeth

hard palate

velum (soft palate)

Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition

made of cartilage and bone

concha:form the tubes

terbunants:tubes formed by concha

Term
function of the respiratory muscous membrane
Definition
condition the air
Term
as air is moved from nares to concha:
Definition

it is..

cleaned

moistened

warmed

--this happens in 10 cm - 4 in. (quickly)

Term
Facial Bones (14)
Definition

mandible 

maxillae (2)

lacrimal bones(2)

inferior nasal concha (2)

nasal bones (2)

vomer 

zygomatic bones(2)

palatine bones (2)

Term
mandible
Definition

strongest facial bone (only one that moves)

-begins as a pair, becomes one by 12 mo. of age

fuses together at mental symphysis

3 different movements:

hinging- open mouth (eating huge burger)

gliding- eating, making sounds

translation- grinding (side to side) 

Term
parts of mandible
Definition

condyler process

coronoid process

mandibular notch

mental foramen

base

body

ramus

angle

Term
maxillae
Definition

made of 2 bones fused together along palatal fissure

-shapes eyes & nose

-houses top teeth

 

zygomatic process

Term
vomer
Definition
sits on top of hard palate (pointy bone in nose)
Term
lacrimal bones
Definition

side of nose (behind nasal shape of maxillae)

lacrimal duct: tears

Term
zygomatic bone
Definition

attatches to frontal bone & maxillae to create cheek bone

-makes up inferior portion of eye socket

Term
Cranial Skeleton Bones
Definition

ethmoid bone

spheniod bone

Term
ethmoid bone
Definition

core of the skull. this perpindicular plate help divide the nasal cavity 

-posteior to nasal bones

-anterior to sphenoid bone

Term
sphenoid bone
Definition
sits posteior to eyes & superior to teeth
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