1. A jam signal is sent

2. All host briefly stop transmitting

3. All host run the backoff algorithm, which decides the random time they will wait before attempting to transmit again

1. Topology = Bus
2. Sp/Duplex/Media= 10mbs,half duplex, thicknet
3. Range= 500m

1. Topology = Star

2. sp\duplex\media = 1000mbs, full, Fiber

1.  
   1. The sender starts it by sending a sequence number
   2. the resiever sends an acknolagement which is 1 more than the sequence
   3. the senders sends out a message saying it is ready.

• DNS - 53
• DHCP - 67, 68
• TFTP - 69
• NTP - 123
• SNMP - 161

• IP
• IPX
• OSPF, EIGRP, IGRP, RIP, ISIS
• ARP RARP

1. Ethernet
2. Frame relay
3. PPP
4. HDLC
5. Cisco discovery protocol CDP

What is the range of a class B subnet?

What is the range of a class C subnet?

Baud Rate= 9600

Data Bits= 8

Parity= none

Stop Bits= 1

Flow control= None

[image][image]1-----------1

2________2

3-----------3

4________4

5-----------5

6________6

7-----------7

8________8

What is the pinout for a crossover cable?

1-----------3

2________6

3-----------1

4________4

5-----------5

6________2

7-----------7

8________8

POST

Bootsrtap

ROMMON

RXBoot Microcode

What are the basic steps the IOS Start-up Process goes through?

1. Run the POST

2. Find the IOS

3. Load the IOS to RAM

4. Find the config

5. Load config to Ram

What are the 4 parts of the cisco IOS file?

Platfor, Feature set, Run Location, IOS version

C2500 (Platfrom)-D (feature Set)-L (Run Location)-12-9 (IOS Version).bin

What command do you use to suspend a telnet session?

Ctrl+Shift+6, x, show sessions, resume, disconect.

It is the fastes switch mode. Only checks the first bytes of the preamble to get the destination MAC address then sends it on. 

Can send bad frames no CRC\CFC done

Broadcast storms,

MAC table instabliity

Duplicate frames

Leased line

Circuit Switched

Packet switched

Uses synchronous serial interfaces to connect two sites together.

Easy to configure

Most expensive over long distances

Uses both modems connected to asynchronous interfaces and ISDN technologies.

You establish a circuit between two sites using a telephone company

Uses snychronous serial interfaces like leased lines but a virtual circuit is established between 2 or more sites.

Data packets are switched across a service provider network.

What are you encapsolation choices when useing a leased line for a WAN?

Network control protocol NCP

Link control protocol LCP

Supporting multiple Layer 3 protocols.

Each protocol has its own NCP

Compression

Callback

Multilink

Authentication

Compresses you data to conserver bandwidth across you WAN.

Options for compression are Stacker and Predictor

PAP - Password Authentication Protocol

CHAP  - Challenge handshake authentication protocol

CHAP uses a 3-way authentication at the begining and every 2minutes.

passwords are sent in a MD5 hash

Helps out behind the sences with your router and the providers frame relay equipment report and verify the status of your PVC

Active - good

inactive - bad

Disabled - bad

1. change encapsulation to frame relay
2. config LMI type
3. Config Frame Relay map or config sub interfaces
4. config DLCI if using subinterfaces

What are the 2 types of frame relay encapsulations?

What is the syntax to set the encapsulation?

Cisco and IETF

encapsulation frame-relay [ietf]

Cisco, Ansi, Q933a

frame-relay lmi-type [ cisco| ansi | q933a ]

keeping your data private from eavesdroppers

use encryption to hide the contents of the data in transit

keeping your data from being altered

Use hashing to take a fingerprint of your data so you can verify it has not changed from its orgininal form

keeping your data, hosts, and services svailable for their intedned purposes

use rate limiting to stop an excessive flow of traffic and install teh latest patches

Reconnaissance

Access attacks

Denial of service attacks

at the end of a route put the new ad

ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0 130

Cost

10^8/bandwidth

Periodically gridcastes entire routing table out ot all interfaces

Trusts what the other router tells it.

RIP, IGRP, EIGRP

RIP 15

EIGRP 224

broadcast storms

MAC address table instalbility

Duplicate frames

adminstative priority and teh MAC address of the switch.

if the ad priority is left at the default on all swtiches then it is the one with the lowest MAC address

STP Path Costs old and new for

10Gbps

1Gbps

100Mbps

10Mbps

               new   old

10Gbps   2     1

1Gbps  4      1

100Mbps   19       10

10Mbps   100    1000

1. port with lowest cumulative root path cost
2. if 1. is tied lowest bridge ID
3. if multiple ports on same switch the lowest STP priority wins
4. if tied port with lowest hardware number ex. Fa0/1 beats fa0/2

is when the stithc begins population it MAC address Table.

Does not forward frames yet.

Lasts 15 secs

1. Create the VLAN
2. Name the VLAN
3. Assign switch ports to the VLAN

Neighbor

Topology

Routing

internal is 90

external is170

Cost savings

Backup

Security

Telecommuters

Benefits of IPSec VPNs

1. Authentication of every IP packet
2. Verification of the data intergirty for each packet
3. Confidentiality of your packet payload.
4. Antireplay protection to verify that each packet is unique.

Security protocols

key management

security alogorithms

Oakley

ISAKMP

SKEME

Encryption

Message integrity