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Carol Hoffman Cabrillo Bio 4 Exam 3
N/A
163
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2014

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Term
sensory/motor pnuemonic
Definition
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
Term
Cranial Nerve Pnuemonic
Definition
Often Other Owls Try To Abduct Field Animals Getting Very Aware of Hunger
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Auditory (Vestibulocochlear)
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
Term
Olfactory Nerve
Definition
I sensory - smell
smaller nerves branch off through cribriform plate to nose
Term
Anosmia
Definition
damage to olfactory nerve - limits smell
Term
Optic Nerve
Definition
II sensory - vision
image from each eye splits and part is interpreted on the opposite side of the brain
damage = vision loss
Term
Oculomotor Nerve
Definition
III motor
moves eyeball superiorly and medially AND upper eyelid
damage = droopy eyelid
Term
Trochlear Nerve
Definition
IV motor
moves eyeball inferiorly
Term
Strabismus
Definition
wandering eye - damage to trochlear nerve
Term
Trigeminal Nerve
Definition
V Both
sensory - cornea, scalp, forehead, face, teeth
motor - mastication
Term
Abducens Nerve
Definition
VI motor
lateral eye movements
foramen ovale
Term
Facial Nerve
Definition
VII Both
sensory - taste from tongue
motor - facial expressions
Term
Bell's Palsy
Definition
droop on one side of face
damage to facial nerve
Term
Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
Definition
VIII sensory
hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular)
damage = deafness or dizziness
Term
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Definition
IX Both
sensory - taste and touch from tongue and pharynx
motor - pharynx (swallowing)
damage = loss of taste or ability to swallow
Term
Vagus Nerve
Definition
X Both
sensory - hearing, taste
motor - pharynx, larynx
parasympathetic fibers go throughout body to 'viscera'
jugular foramen
damage = hoarseness
Term
Accessory Nerve
Definition
XI Motor
trapezius and SCM
controls head movements
damage = difficulty elevating shoulders
Term
Hypoglossal Nerve
Definition
XII Motor
tongue
speech and swallowing
damage = impaired tongue movement
Term
Primary motor cortex
Definition
in precentral gyrus
Term
Primary sensory cortex
Definition
in postcentral gyrus
Term
hands have more of the nerves
Definition
becuase they have more sensitivity and dexterity than legs
Term
aphasia
Definition
loss of speech
Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition
frontal lobe
speech production
hesitant, but makes sense
Term
Wernicke's aphasia
Definition
temporal lobe
words come easily, but they don't make sense together
Term
Conscious thought
Definition
develops in forebrain - cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
matures by age 25
Term
forebrain
Definition
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
controls pituitary gland (master gland of endocrine system)
(infundibulum funnels "releasing factors" to pituitary)
thirst, appetite, temperature, produces ADH, circadian rhythms
Term
thalamus
Definition
relay and processing center for sensory nervous input
Term
autonomic nervous system funtions
Definition
-involuntary - no conscious control
-depends on continuous flow of sensory input to then send motor signals to cardiac, smoth muscle and glands
-excitatory OR inhibitory
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
-motor neurons to skeletal muscles only
-excitatory only
Term
both Autonomic and somatic nervous systems
Definition
have integrating centers in the central nervous system
Term
ANS pathways have ___ neurons
Definition
2 - preganglionic and postganglionic\
Term
Synapse in an ANS nerve pathway is an a
Definition
ganglion
Term
ganglion
Definition
-bulge in a nerve
-where ANS neurons synapse in a pathway
Term
Neurons in an ANS pathway originate
Definition
in the central nervous system
Term
Neurons in an ANS pathway terminate
Definition
in the visceral effector (whatever organ is being innervated)
Term
sympathetic NS cell bodies of neuron 1 are found
Definition
in the thoracic and lumbar portions of spinal cord (T1-L2)
Term
parasympathetic NS cell bodies of neuron 1 are found
Definition
in the brain stem (cranial nerves) or sacral portion of spinal cord
Term
sympathetic NS neurotransmitters
Definition
Acetylcholine; norepinephrine; epinephrine
Term
Sympathetic NS pathway for smooth muscle
Definition
-origin: T1-L2 spinal cord
-short preganglionic myelinated axon in communicating rami to ganglion
-acetylcholine released in ganglion
-non-myelinated axon to smooth muscle
-norepinephrine released in smooth muscle
Term
Sympathetic NS pathway for glands
Definition
-origin: T1-L2 spinal cord
-short preganglionic myelinated axon to adrenal medulla
-acetylcholine released in adrenal medulla
-acetylcholine triggers norepinephrine and epinephrine release to bloodstream
Term
Parasympathetic NS pathway
Definition
-origin: brain or sacral region of spinal cord
-long preganglionic neurons synapse ith short postganglionic neurons to target the viscera
Term
parasympathetic NS neurotransmitters
Definition
only acetylcholine
NO norephinephrine
Term
sympathetic chain ganglia
Definition
- ganglia linked together on both sides of spinal column
Term
sympathetic neuron pathways (3 options)
Definition
-preganglionic neuron ends in ganglion and synapses there with postganglionic neuron
-preganglionic neuron travels up or down ganglionic chain and synapses with postganglionic neuron in that other ganglion
-preganglionic neuron travels through ganglion without synapsing and synapses with postganglionic neuron in a collateral ganglion (near a major blood vessel)
Term
antagonistic control of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
Definition
signals oppose each other
2 systems are not always antagonistic
Term
collateral ganglion
Definition
bundle of nerve synapses in the sympathetic nervous system that is not along the ganglionic chain
- some preganglionic neurons synapse here instead of in ganglionic chain after passing through ganglionic chain
Term
3 major collateral ganglia
Definition
-celiac - upper abdomen
-superior mesenteric - middle abdomen
-inferior mesenteric - lower abdomen and pelvis
Term
sympathetic effects are widespread throughout the body because
Definition
-one preganglionic neuron can synapse with many postganglionic neurons
-adrenal medulla
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
receives signal from preganglionic neuron which secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into bloodstream
-produces widespread sympathetic nervous response
Term
andrenergic
Definition
refers to epinephrine or norepinephrine
Term
cholinergic
Definition
refers to acetylcholine
Term
sympathetic nervous response
Definition
fight or flight
-dilates pupils
-dilates bronchioles
-heart rates speeds up
-breathing rate speeds up
-decreases digestion
-increases sweat
-increases salivation
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
rest and digest
-decreases heart rate
-constricts bronchioles
-increases digestion
-constricts pupils
-reduces sweat
Term
nociceptors
Definition
pain receptors - injury
Term
overstimulation of any receptor
Definition
pain
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
heat/cold sensitive
Term
mechanoreceptor
Definition
pressure/touch - skin
Term
chemoreceptor
Definition
sensitive to chemicals - tongue/nose
Term
photoreceptor
Definition
light sensitive
Term
encapsulated receptor
Definition
-dendrites are wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue which enhance the sensitivity or make it more selective
-examples: tactile corpuscle; Ruffini corpuscle; lamellated corpuscle
Term
tactile corpuscle
Definition
encapsulated receptor
light/sensitive touch
Term
ruffini corpuscle
Definition
encapsulated receptor
detects shape of joints
Term
lamellated corpuscle
Definition
encapsulated receptor
looks like a fingerprint
detects deep pressure, pulsing, tickling
Term
unencapsulated receptor
Definition
-no connective tissue wrapping
-examples: free nerve endings; Merkel cells; hair receptors
Term
free nerve endings
Definition
unencapsulated
thermoreceptors and nociceptors
in skin
Term
Merkel cells
Definition
unencapsulated
light touch/pressure on skin
at base of epidermis
Term
hair receptors
Definition
unencapsulated
monitor hair movement
Term
olfactory receptors
Definition
scent
in epithelium of roof of nasal cavity
Term
supporting cells in sensing organs
Definition
are in between sensory neurons
Term
4 papillae on tongue
Definition
filiform
foliate
fungiform
vallate
Term
filiform papillae
Definition
spikes on tongue that help move food around
-sense texture of food
-no taste buds
Term
foliate papillae
Definition
close to molars
-only in young children
Term
fungiform papillae
Definition
mushroom shaped and abundant in number
-have about 3 taste buds each
-all over tongue
Term
vallate papillae
Definition
arranged in V in back of tongue
-only 7-12 of them
-250 taste buds each!
Term
hyponosmia/anosmia
Definition
little to no smell sensation
Term
taste buds location
Definition
tongue
soft palate
pharynx
epiglottis
cheeks
Term
5 primary tastes
Definition
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
Term
taste related cranial nerves
Definition
VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
Term
taste bud anatomy
Definition
-taste cell (live 7-10 days)
-taste pore
-taste hairs
-supporting cells
-sensory nerve fibers
-basal cells (replace taste cells when they die)
Term
hyposgeusia/ageusia
Definition
low or no ability to taste
Term
External ear
Definition
-auricle/pinna (visible ear)
-external auditory meatus (3 cm canal)
-tympanic membrane
Term
Middle ear
Definition
transmits sound
3 bones:
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
eustachian tubes connect middle ear to throat
Term
Inner ear
Definition
senses head position and equilibrium
3 semicircular ducts
vestibule - utricle (horizontal)
-saccule (verticle)
senses sound
-cochlea
Term
utricle
Definition
horizontal sac containing a macula which senses acceleration
Term
saccule
Definition
vertical sac containing a macula which senses acceleration
Term
otoliths
Definition
tiny stones that sit on top of hairs in utricle or saccule to give hairs extra weight for transmitting signals of motion.
Term
ampulla
Definition
bulge at one end of semicircular duct
contains cupula
Term
cupula
Definition
gelatinous structure inside semicircular duct that pushes hairs in opposite direction from head movement
-helps us detect head movement in all planes
Term
semicircular canals (3 loops)
Definition
anterior (yes)
lateral (no)
posterior (tilting head side to side)
Term
cochlea
Definition
3 tunnels dug out of bone
-scala vestibuli (top)
-cochlear duct (middle)
-scala tympani (bottom)
Term
scala vestibuli
Definition
contains perilymph
top of cochlea
begins at oval window
Term
cochlear duct
Definition
contains Organ of Corti
middle of cochlea
Term
scala tympani
Definition
contains perilymph
bottom of cochlea
ends at round window
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
contains hair cells rising from basilar membrane
tips of hairs touch tectorial membrane
hair cells bend when basement membrane moves and send nerve impulses
Term
cochlea innervated by
Definition
VIII vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
volume distinguished in hearing by
Definition
vigorousness of vibrations of basilar membrane
height of sound waves
Term
pitch distinguished in hearing by
Definition
region of basilar membrane that vibrates
frequency of wavelength
Term
conduction deafness
Definition
vibrations are impaired due to damage in ear (membrane, blockage)
Term
nerve deafness
Definition
nerve is damaged (hair cell receptors or larger cranial vestibulocochlear nerve)
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
in Organ of Corti
hair cells rise up from this membrane
when membrane vibrates with sound, hairs bend
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
In organ of corti
hair cells brush up against this membrane
this stimulation causes neurotransmitters to be released sending nerve impulses to the brain
Term
otitis media
Definition
middle ear infection
Term
acessory structures around eye
Definition
eyebrow, eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles
Term
3 tunics of eye
Definition
-tunica fibrosa (outer - sclera and cornea)
-tunica vasculosa (middle - vascular - choroid, ciliary body and iris)
-tunica interna/ neural (retina)
Term
macula lutea
Definition
clearest spot on the retina - yellow and oval
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
center of macula lutea - only has cones (day vision)
Term
rods
Definition
night vision - denser in periphery of retina
Term
cones
Definition
color vision - 3 types with different pigment sensitivity
Term
vision tests are done at 20 feet away because
Definition
that is the closest distance at which the eye muscles are most relaxed
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsighted (long eyeball)
Term
hyperopia
Definition
farsighted (short eyeball)
Term
presbyopia
Definition
aging of eye
Term
astigmatism
Definition
irregularity of cornea
Term
bipolar cells in eye
Definition
synapse with rods or cones
then feed into ganglion cells
Term
ganglion cells in eye
Definition
synapse with bipolar cells
largest neuron in retina
form the optic nerve
Term
functions of respiratory system
Definition
transport air to lungs
exchange gasses (O2 and CO2)
production of sound
Term
external respiration
Definition
gas flow from lungs to blood
Term
internal respiration
Definition
gas flow from blood to cells
Term
upper respiratory structures
Definition
nose
pharynx
Term
upper respiratory functions
Definition
intake
moisturizing
filtering
sensing
Term
lower respiratory structures
Definition
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Term
lower respiratory functions
Definition
sound production
transport of air
gas exchange
Term
Nose functions
Definition
upper respiratory structure
-primary air intake
-made of bone and cartilage
-2 nares = nostrils separated by nasal septum
-walls have 3 nasal conchae
Term
nasal conchae
Definition
-create turbulence in the air intake
-for warming and moisturizing in the space between (meatuses)
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
-make skull less heavy; resonate sound
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
-frontal
-maxillary
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
internal nares lead to nasopharynx
contains pharyngeal tonsils
-ciliated columnar tissue with lots of goblet cells producing mucus
-traps and removes dust
-dissolves airborne chemicals for olfaction
-warms and moistens air
Term
pharynx (3)
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Term
respiratory epithelium
Definition
psuedostratified columnar epithelial tissue
-goblet cells produce mucus
-traps and removes dust
-dissolves airborne chemicals for olfaction
-warms and moistens air
Term
tonsils
Definition
pharyngeal tonsils (in nasopharynx)
palatine and lingual tonsils (in oropharynx)
Term
oropharynx
Definition
contains palatine and lingual tonsils
Term
larynx cartilages
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid
-epiglottis
-arytenoid
Term
thyroid cartilage
Definition
adams apple
Term
cricoid cartilage
Definition
full ring around trachea
Term
epiglottis cartilage
Definition
keeps food out of airway
Term
arytenoid cartilage
Definition
attached to vocal cords - changes pitch
Term
swallowing
Definition
-tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx
-larynx lifts
-epiglottis closes over glottis
-pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophogus
-larynx returns to normal position
Term
lobes of lung
Definition
-Right (3)
-Left (2)
Term
path of air to the alveoli (respiratory tree)
Definition
-trachea divides to primary L/R bronchii
-enter lungs
-split into secondary bronchii (for each lobe)
-splits into tertiary bronchii which divide many times
-splits into bronchioles
-splits into terminal bronchioles
-splits into respiratory bronchioles
-splits into alveolar ducts
-end in alveoli
Term
alveoli function
Definition
site of gas exchange via diffusion
Term
respiratory membrane
Definition
wall of alveolus, connective tissue layer, wall of capillary (3 layers)
Term
3 types of cells in alveoli
Definition
-squamous (type 1)
-great alveolar cells (type 2)
-macrophages
Term
squamous (type 1) alveolar cells
Definition
allow diffusion of gas
Term
great alveolar cells (type 2)
Definition
secrete surfactant
lowers surface tension
Term
macrophages
Definition
remove bacteria
Term
hilus
Definition
located on medial surface of lung
-doorway for blood supply and bronchi
Term
pulmonary veins carry
Definition
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Term
pulmonary arteries carry
Definition
deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs
Term
intraplueral pressure
Definition
pressure in plueral cavity. Lower than intrapulmonary pressure (inside lungs) to keep lungs inflated
Term
intrapulmonary pressure
Definition
pressure in lungs. higher than intrapleural pressure (in pleural cavity) to keep lungs inflated
Term
muscles used in breathing
Definition
diaphragm
internal intercostals (exhaling)
external intercostals (inhaling)
Term
inhalation/inspiration
Definition
contract diaphram (descends)
elevate ribs using external intercostals
Term
exhalation/expiration
Definition
relax diaphragm (ascends)
relax/depress ribs (internal intercostals)
Term
dorsal respiratory group
Definition
in medulla oblongata
innervates external intercostals and diaphragm
inspiration
Term
ventral respiratory group
Definition
in medulla oblongata
important in forced breathing
inspiraton AND expiration
Term
pneumotaxic center
Definition
in pons
modifies pace of breathing
inhibits dorsal respiratory group
Term
reflexes involved in breathing (4)
Definition
-peripheral chemoreceptors
-central chemoreceptors
-stretch receptors
-irritant receptors
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors in breathing
Definition
respond to changes in pressue of O2, CO2 and pH
found in carotid bodies and aortic arch
Term
central chemoreceptors in breathing
Definition
respond to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid
found in medulla oblongata
Term
stretch receptors in breathing
Definition
inhibit overinflation of lung
found in smooth muscle of bronchi, bronchioles and visceral pleura
Term
irritant receptors in breathing
Definition
respond to smoke, dust, pollen, etc
cause cough, bronchorestriction, hold breath by communicating with dorsal respiratory group in medulla oblogata
found in epithelia of airway
Term
emphysema
Definition
-chambers in alveoli break and enlarge
-chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
-airways collapse during expiration
-exhaling requires a lot of energy
-overinflation of lungs leads to barrel chest
-cyanosis late in disease
Term
chronic bronchitis
Definition
-lower respiratory mucosa becomes severely inflammed
-mucus production increases
-pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange
-heightened risk of lung infection
-pneumonia common
-hypoxia and cyanosis occur
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