Term
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Definition
| Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most |
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Term
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Definition
| Often Other Owls Try To Abduct Field Animals Getting Very Aware of Hunger |
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Term
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Definition
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Auditory (Vestibulocochlear)
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
I sensory - smell
smaller nerves branch off through cribriform plate to nose |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to olfactory nerve - limits smell |
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Term
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Definition
II sensory - vision
image from each eye splits and part is interpreted on the opposite side of the brain
damage = vision loss |
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Term
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Definition
III motor
moves eyeball superiorly and medially AND upper eyelid
damage = droopy eyelid |
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Term
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Definition
IV motor
moves eyeball inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| wandering eye - damage to trochlear nerve |
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Term
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Definition
V Both
sensory - cornea, scalp, forehead, face, teeth
motor - mastication |
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Term
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Definition
VI motor
lateral eye movements
foramen ovale |
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Term
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Definition
VII Both
sensory - taste from tongue
motor - facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
droop on one side of face
damage to facial nerve |
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Term
| Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve |
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Definition
VIII sensory
hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular)
damage = deafness or dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
IX Both
sensory - taste and touch from tongue and pharynx
motor - pharynx (swallowing)
damage = loss of taste or ability to swallow |
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Term
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Definition
X Both
sensory - hearing, taste
motor - pharynx, larynx
parasympathetic fibers go throughout body to 'viscera'
jugular foramen
damage = hoarseness |
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Term
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Definition
XI Motor
trapezius and SCM
controls head movements
damage = difficulty elevating shoulders |
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Term
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Definition
XII Motor
tongue
speech and swallowing
damage = impaired tongue movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hands have more of the nerves |
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Definition
| becuase they have more sensitivity and dexterity than legs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
frontal lobe
speech production
hesitant, but makes sense |
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Term
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Definition
temporal lobe
words come easily, but they don't make sense together |
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Term
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Definition
develops in forebrain - cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
matures by age 25 |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
controls pituitary gland (master gland of endocrine system)
(infundibulum funnels "releasing factors" to pituitary)
thirst, appetite, temperature, produces ADH, circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| relay and processing center for sensory nervous input |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system funtions |
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Definition
-involuntary - no conscious control
-depends on continuous flow of sensory input to then send motor signals to cardiac, smoth muscle and glands
-excitatory OR inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
-motor neurons to skeletal muscles only
-excitatory only |
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Term
| both Autonomic and somatic nervous systems |
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Definition
| have integrating centers in the central nervous system |
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Term
| ANS pathways have ___ neurons |
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Definition
| 2 - preganglionic and postganglionic\ |
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Term
| Synapse in an ANS nerve pathway is an a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-bulge in a nerve
-where ANS neurons synapse in a pathway |
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Term
| Neurons in an ANS pathway originate |
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Definition
| in the central nervous system |
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Term
| Neurons in an ANS pathway terminate |
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Definition
| in the visceral effector (whatever organ is being innervated) |
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Term
| sympathetic NS cell bodies of neuron 1 are found |
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Definition
| in the thoracic and lumbar portions of spinal cord (T1-L2) |
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Term
| parasympathetic NS cell bodies of neuron 1 are found |
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Definition
| in the brain stem (cranial nerves) or sacral portion of spinal cord |
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Term
| sympathetic NS neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine; norepinephrine; epinephrine |
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Term
| Sympathetic NS pathway for smooth muscle |
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Definition
-origin: T1-L2 spinal cord
-short preganglionic myelinated axon in communicating rami to ganglion
-acetylcholine released in ganglion
-non-myelinated axon to smooth muscle
-norepinephrine released in smooth muscle |
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Term
| Sympathetic NS pathway for glands |
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Definition
-origin: T1-L2 spinal cord
-short preganglionic myelinated axon to adrenal medulla
-acetylcholine released in adrenal medulla
-acetylcholine triggers norepinephrine and epinephrine release to bloodstream |
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Term
| Parasympathetic NS pathway |
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Definition
-origin: brain or sacral region of spinal cord
-long preganglionic neurons synapse ith short postganglionic neurons to target the viscera |
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Term
| parasympathetic NS neurotransmitters |
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Definition
only acetylcholine
NO norephinephrine |
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Term
| sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Definition
| - ganglia linked together on both sides of spinal column |
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Term
| sympathetic neuron pathways (3 options) |
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Definition
-preganglionic neuron ends in ganglion and synapses there with postganglionic neuron
-preganglionic neuron travels up or down ganglionic chain and synapses with postganglionic neuron in that other ganglion
-preganglionic neuron travels through ganglion without synapsing and synapses with postganglionic neuron in a collateral ganglion (near a major blood vessel) |
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Term
| antagonistic control of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS |
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Definition
signals oppose each other
2 systems are not always antagonistic |
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Term
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Definition
bundle of nerve synapses in the sympathetic nervous system that is not along the ganglionic chain
- some preganglionic neurons synapse here instead of in ganglionic chain after passing through ganglionic chain |
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Term
| 3 major collateral ganglia |
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Definition
-celiac - upper abdomen
-superior mesenteric - middle abdomen
-inferior mesenteric - lower abdomen and pelvis |
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Term
| sympathetic effects are widespread throughout the body because |
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Definition
-one preganglionic neuron can synapse with many postganglionic neurons
-adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
receives signal from preganglionic neuron which secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into bloodstream
-produces widespread sympathetic nervous response |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to epinephrine or norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sympathetic nervous response |
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Definition
fight or flight
-dilates pupils
-dilates bronchioles
-heart rates speeds up
-breathing rate speeds up
-decreases digestion
-increases sweat
-increases salivation |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
rest and digest
-decreases heart rate
-constricts bronchioles
-increases digestion
-constricts pupils
-reduces sweat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| overstimulation of any receptor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to chemicals - tongue/nose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-dendrites are wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue which enhance the sensitivity or make it more selective
-examples: tactile corpuscle; Ruffini corpuscle; lamellated corpuscle |
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Term
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Definition
encapsulated receptor
light/sensitive touch |
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Term
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Definition
encapsulated receptor
detects shape of joints |
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Term
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Definition
encapsulated receptor
looks like a fingerprint
detects deep pressure, pulsing, tickling |
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Term
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Definition
-no connective tissue wrapping
-examples: free nerve endings; Merkel cells; hair receptors |
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Term
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Definition
unencapsulated
thermoreceptors and nociceptors
in skin |
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Term
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Definition
unencapsulated
light touch/pressure on skin
at base of epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
unencapsulated
monitor hair movement |
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Term
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Definition
scent
in epithelium of roof of nasal cavity |
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Term
| supporting cells in sensing organs |
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Definition
| are in between sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
filiform
foliate
fungiform
vallate |
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Term
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Definition
spikes on tongue that help move food around
-sense texture of food
-no taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
close to molars
-only in young children |
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Term
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Definition
mushroom shaped and abundant in number
-have about 3 taste buds each
-all over tongue |
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Term
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Definition
arranged in V in back of tongue
-only 7-12 of them
-250 taste buds each! |
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Term
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Definition
| little to no smell sensation |
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Term
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Definition
tongue
soft palate
pharynx
epiglottis
cheeks |
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Term
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Definition
| sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami |
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Term
| taste related cranial nerves |
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Definition
VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus |
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Term
|
Definition
-taste cell (live 7-10 days)
-taste pore
-taste hairs
-supporting cells
-sensory nerve fibers
-basal cells (replace taste cells when they die) |
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Term
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Definition
| low or no ability to taste |
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Term
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Definition
-auricle/pinna (visible ear)
-external auditory meatus (3 cm canal)
-tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
transmits sound
3 bones:
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
eustachian tubes connect middle ear to throat |
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Term
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Definition
senses head position and equilibrium
3 semicircular ducts
vestibule - utricle (horizontal)
-saccule (verticle)
senses sound
-cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal sac containing a macula which senses acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical sac containing a macula which senses acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny stones that sit on top of hairs in utricle or saccule to give hairs extra weight for transmitting signals of motion. |
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Term
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Definition
bulge at one end of semicircular duct
contains cupula |
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Term
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Definition
gelatinous structure inside semicircular duct that pushes hairs in opposite direction from head movement
-helps us detect head movement in all planes |
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Term
| semicircular canals (3 loops) |
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Definition
anterior (yes)
lateral (no)
posterior (tilting head side to side) |
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Term
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Definition
3 tunnels dug out of bone
-scala vestibuli (top)
-cochlear duct (middle)
-scala tympani (bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
contains perilymph
top of cochlea
begins at oval window |
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Term
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Definition
contains Organ of Corti
middle of cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
contains perilymph
bottom of cochlea
ends at round window |
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Term
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Definition
contains hair cells rising from basilar membrane
tips of hairs touch tectorial membrane
hair cells bend when basement membrane moves and send nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| VIII vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
| volume distinguished in hearing by |
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Definition
vigorousness of vibrations of basilar membrane
height of sound waves |
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Term
| pitch distinguished in hearing by |
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Definition
region of basilar membrane that vibrates
frequency of wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrations are impaired due to damage in ear (membrane, blockage) |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve is damaged (hair cell receptors or larger cranial vestibulocochlear nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
in Organ of Corti
hair cells rise up from this membrane
when membrane vibrates with sound, hairs bend |
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Term
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Definition
In organ of corti
hair cells brush up against this membrane
this stimulation causes neurotransmitters to be released sending nerve impulses to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| acessory structures around eye |
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Definition
| eyebrow, eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
-tunica fibrosa (outer - sclera and cornea)
-tunica vasculosa (middle - vascular - choroid, ciliary body and iris)
-tunica interna/ neural (retina) |
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Term
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Definition
| clearest spot on the retina - yellow and oval |
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Term
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Definition
| center of macula lutea - only has cones (day vision) |
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Term
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Definition
| night vision - denser in periphery of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| color vision - 3 types with different pigment sensitivity |
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Term
| vision tests are done at 20 feet away because |
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Definition
| that is the closest distance at which the eye muscles are most relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsighted (long eyeball) |
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Term
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Definition
| farsighted (short eyeball) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
synapse with rods or cones
then feed into ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
synapse with bipolar cells
largest neuron in retina
form the optic nerve |
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Term
| functions of respiratory system |
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Definition
transport air to lungs
exchange gasses (O2 and CO2)
production of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| gas flow from lungs to blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas flow from blood to cells |
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Term
| upper respiratory structures |
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Definition
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Term
| upper respiratory functions |
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Definition
intake
moisturizing
filtering
sensing |
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Term
| lower respiratory structures |
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Definition
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs |
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Term
| lower respiratory functions |
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Definition
sound production
transport of air
gas exchange |
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Term
|
Definition
upper respiratory structure
-primary air intake
-made of bone and cartilage
-2 nares = nostrils separated by nasal septum
-walls have 3 nasal conchae |
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Term
|
Definition
-create turbulence in the air intake
-for warming and moisturizing in the space between (meatuses) |
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Term
|
Definition
-make skull less heavy; resonate sound
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
-frontal
-maxillary |
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Term
|
Definition
internal nares lead to nasopharynx
contains pharyngeal tonsils
-ciliated columnar tissue with lots of goblet cells producing mucus
-traps and removes dust
-dissolves airborne chemicals for olfaction
-warms and moistens air |
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Term
|
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx |
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Term
|
Definition
psuedostratified columnar epithelial tissue
-goblet cells produce mucus
-traps and removes dust
-dissolves airborne chemicals for olfaction
-warms and moistens air |
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Term
|
Definition
pharyngeal tonsils (in nasopharynx)
palatine and lingual tonsils (in oropharynx) |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains palatine and lingual tonsils |
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Term
|
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid
-epiglottis
-arytenoid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| attached to vocal cords - changes pitch |
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Term
|
Definition
-tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx
-larynx lifts
-epiglottis closes over glottis
-pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophogus
-larynx returns to normal position |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| path of air to the alveoli (respiratory tree) |
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Definition
-trachea divides to primary L/R bronchii
-enter lungs
-split into secondary bronchii (for each lobe)
-splits into tertiary bronchii which divide many times
-splits into bronchioles
-splits into terminal bronchioles
-splits into respiratory bronchioles
-splits into alveolar ducts
-end in alveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of gas exchange via diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| wall of alveolus, connective tissue layer, wall of capillary (3 layers) |
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Term
| 3 types of cells in alveoli |
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Definition
-squamous (type 1)
-great alveolar cells (type 2)
-macrophages |
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Term
| squamous (type 1) alveolar cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| great alveolar cells (type 2) |
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Definition
secrete surfactant
lowers surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
located on medial surface of lung
-doorway for blood supply and bronchi |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in plueral cavity. Lower than intrapulmonary pressure (inside lungs) to keep lungs inflated |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in lungs. higher than intrapleural pressure (in pleural cavity) to keep lungs inflated |
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Term
| muscles used in breathing |
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Definition
diaphragm
internal intercostals (exhaling)
external intercostals (inhaling) |
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Term
|
Definition
contract diaphram (descends)
elevate ribs using external intercostals |
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Term
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Definition
relax diaphragm (ascends)
relax/depress ribs (internal intercostals) |
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Term
|
Definition
in medulla oblongata
innervates external intercostals and diaphragm
inspiration |
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Term
| ventral respiratory group |
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Definition
in medulla oblongata
important in forced breathing
inspiraton AND expiration |
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Term
|
Definition
in pons
modifies pace of breathing
inhibits dorsal respiratory group |
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Term
| reflexes involved in breathing (4) |
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Definition
-peripheral chemoreceptors
-central chemoreceptors
-stretch receptors
-irritant receptors |
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Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors in breathing |
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Definition
respond to changes in pressue of O2, CO2 and pH
found in carotid bodies and aortic arch |
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Term
| central chemoreceptors in breathing |
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Definition
respond to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid
found in medulla oblongata |
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Term
| stretch receptors in breathing |
|
Definition
inhibit overinflation of lung
found in smooth muscle of bronchi, bronchioles and visceral pleura |
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Term
| irritant receptors in breathing |
|
Definition
respond to smoke, dust, pollen, etc
cause cough, bronchorestriction, hold breath by communicating with dorsal respiratory group in medulla oblogata
found in epithelia of airway |
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Term
|
Definition
-chambers in alveoli break and enlarge
-chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
-airways collapse during expiration
-exhaling requires a lot of energy
-overinflation of lungs leads to barrel chest
-cyanosis late in disease |
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Term
|
Definition
-lower respiratory mucosa becomes severely inflammed
-mucus production increases
-pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange
-heightened risk of lung infection
-pneumonia common
-hypoxia and cyanosis occur |
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