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Cardiovascular System
JJC Vet Tech 260
127
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
09/18/2014

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Cards

Term
The heart lies within the thoracic cavity, within the ___.
Definition
mediastinum
Term
What does the mediastinum contain?
Definition
heart, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, hilar lymph nodes
Term
The base of the heart is directed (directional term).
Definition
craniodorsally
Term
The apex of the heart lies...
Definition
just left of midline, at junction of diaphragm and sternum
Term
What is different about the horse and ox heart?
Definition
more than 70% of heart lying to left of midline
Term
The canine heart is ___ in shape with its largest part ___.
Definition
ovoid in shape, largest part dorsally
Term
The heart extends from the __ to __ intercostal spaces.
Definition
3rd to 6th
Term
The heart sits at a ___ degree angle to the sternum.
Definition
45 degrees
Term
The equine heart is more ___ shaped.
Definition
coned
Term
External landmarks for the heart:
Definition
olecranon, 5th intercostal space
Term
In horses, the olecranon process is located at the __ intercostal space.
Definition
6th
Term
In normal animals, the base of the heart is located on a line extending from...
Definition
acromion to ventral end of the last rib
Term
In all domestic species, the heart is almost completely surrounded by the lungs EXCEPT for what spot?
Definition
cardiac notch = where it makes contact with the right ventrolateral thoracic wall
Term
Terms for inserting a needle into the chest cavity?
Definition
pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
Term
For thoracocentesis, it is best to insert the needle into the ___ of the intercostal space because...
Definition
middle, to avoid ventral intercostal vessels which run along sides of ribs
Term
Define pericardium:
Definition
fibrous sac surrounding the heart
Term
The pericardium is divided into:
Definition
fibrous pericardia
serous pericardia
Term
What is the fibrous pericardium?
Definition
outermost layer of pericardium, attaches all vessels as they enter/leave heart
Term
Where does the heart attach to the diaphragm? What about the sternum?
Definition
diaphragm: phrenicopericardiac ligament
sternum: sternopericardiac ligament
Term
What animal has bones in the pericardium? What are these called?
Definition
ox has ossicles called ossa cordis in the fibrous pericardium near the base
Term
What is the serous pericardium?
Definition
lies between the fibrous pericardium and the muscular heart; divided into parietal and visceral layer
Term
Term for the muscular portion of the heart?
Definition
myocardium
Term
Describe the serous pericardium:
Definition
-outer layer = parietal
-
Term
Epicardium =
Definition
serous pericardium over the myocardium
Term
What lies between the parietal and visceral pericardium?
Definition
pericardial cavity contains about 1mL of yellow fluid to lubricate movement during contraction
Term
Name the layers of tissue surrounding the heart, from out to in:
Definition
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
-parietal
-pericardial cavity
-visceral
myocardium
Term
What divides the left and right sides of the heart?
Definition
interatrial / interventricular septa
Term
Define atria:
Definition
the chambers of the heart which are dorsal to the ventricles and function to receive and hold venous blood
Term
Define ventricles:
Definition
the chambers of the heart that lie ventral to the atria and are the primary muscular chambers to pump blood away from the heart
Term
Purpose of the AV valves?
Definition
prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contractions (systole)
Term
What are chordae tendinae?
Definition
tendinous cords that anchor the AV valves to the ventricles
Term
Name the right AV valve.
Definition
tricuspid
Term
Name the left AV valve.
Definition
bicuspid / mitral
Term
Name and give location of the semilunar valves:
Definition
Aortic Valve: between L ventricle and aorta

Pulmonary Valve: between R ventricle and pulmonary artery
Term
Define "heart murmur:"
Definition
any abnormal sound caused by turbulent blood flow due to valvular or non-valvular problems
Term
How to determine what kind of murmur you're hearing?
Definition
-hear it in systole or diastole?
-which side of the body?
Term
Term for murmur caused by valve not closing all the way?
Definition
insufficiency
Term
Term for murmur caused by valve not opening all the way?
Definition
stenosis
Term
Colloquial term for valvular insufficiency murmur?
Definition
leaky valve
Term
Colloquial term for valvular stenosis murmur?
Definition
narrowed valve
Term
Which valves are open/closed in systole?
Definition
Open: Semilunar
Closed: AV
Term
Which valves are open/closed in diastole?
Definition
Open: AV
Closed: Semilunar
Term
Most common category of murmurs heard? Most common specific defect?
Definition
systolic valvular murmurs
-mitral valve insufficiency
Term
What broad group of murmurs is rare?
Definition
diastolic
Term
The end result of the 13 common sequelae to mitral valve insufficiency:
Additional:
Definition
ascites

Additional: pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly
Term
In cats, the heart sits at a ___ degree angle to the sternum.
Definition
30 degree
Term
What is the ascending aorta?
Definition
small portion of the aorta as it leaves the heart
Term
What is the braciocephalic artery?
Definition
branches off the proximal aortic arch and leads to L + R carotid arteries and R subclavian artery
Term
What are the coronary arteries?
Definition
feed the heart blood, come out of the base of the heart
Term
What is the aortic arch?
Definition
portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta, which has branches to brachiocephalic and L subclavian arteries
Term
The R subclavian artery branches off of...
Definition
the brachiocephalic artery, from the aortic arch
Term
The L + R carotids branch off of...
Definition
the brachiocephalic artery from the aortic arch
Term
The L subclavian branches off of...
Definition
the distal aortic arch
Term
Another name for the descending aorta?
Definition
"abdominal" aorta in quadripeds
Term
What attaches the apex of the heart to the sternum?
Definition
sternopericardial ligament
Term
What attaches the heart to the diaphragm?
Definition
phrenicopericardial ligament
Term
What lies on top of the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm?
Definition
phrenic nerves
Term
The caudal vena cava lies at the level of the __.
Definition
heart's base
Term
The thoracic aorta is divided into 3 sections. Name them:
Definition
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta
Term
The coronary arteries come off of...
Definition
the ascending aorta
Term
Name the vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta in order from cranial to caudal:
Definition
celiac
cranial mesenteric
renal (2)
ovarian/testicular (2)
caudal mesenteric
Term
Caudally, the abdominal aorta becomes the ___.
Definition
L + R common iliac arteries
Term
The celiac artery feeds...
Definition
spleen, greater curvature of stomach, other cranial viscera
Term
The cranial mesenteric artery feeds...
Definition
intestines (ascending duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending/transverse colon)
Term
The caudal mesenteric artery feeds...
Definition
intestines (descending colon, rectum)
Term
The internal iliac arteries feed...
Definition
pelvic viscera, lumbar and gluteal muscles
Term
The external iliac arteries feed...
Definition
limb muscles
Term
How many "holes" are in the diaphragm? Name them.
Definition
3:
foramen vena cava
esophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus
Term
What passes through the foramen vena cava?
Definition
caudal vena cava, just ventral to esophagus and just above the heart base
Term
What passes through the esophageal hiatus?
Definition
esophagus, dorsal to heart base and caudal vena cava
Term
What passes through the aortic hiatus?
Definition
descending aorta
vena azygos
thoracic duct
Term
What is the thoracic duct?
Definition
drains the body's lymphatics to cranial vena cava
Term
To where do the lymphatics drain?
Definition
the heart, so drain distal to proximal
Term
Where is the aortic hiatus?
Definition
between the two crura of the diaphragm, ventral to vertebrae
Term
The diaphragm originates as two separate muscles called __.
Definition
crura
Term
A swollen lymph node indicates inflammation/infection where?
Definition
distal to that lymph node
Term
The phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm at the...
Definition
esophageal hiatus
Term
When the phrenic nerve is stimulated, what happens to the body?
Definition
it's right next to esophagus, so it slows down the GIT
Term
Gagging and tight belly may indicate...
Definition
FB lodged in esophageal hiatus, pressing on phrenic nerve
Term
Describe how you would insert a needle into the heart:
Definition
-animal in L lateral recumbency
-cardiac notch is on R side, 4th-5th intercostal space
-at level of costochondral junction
-insert needle just dorsal to CC junction
Term
When inserting a needle into the heart, how can you tell you've hit it?
Definition
feel something hard, let go of needle and see it "beat"
Term
Difference in the jugular anatomy of animals vs. humans?
Definition
animals: big external, small internal because they need to drain more blood from muscles of face and mastication

humans: big internal, small external because need to drain blood from brain
Term
As jugular veins approach the thoracic inlet, they join with ____ on both sides to form ____. Past the inlet, this becomes ___.
Definition
join with axillary veins to form brachiocephalic vein; part thoracic inlet = cranial vena cava
Term
PAM-T
Definition
pulmonary, aortic, and mitral valves are heard on the left side of the chest

tricuspid heard on the right
Term
What % of all murmurs are due to mitral valve insufficiency?
Definition
95%
Term
Mitral valve insufficiency is heard during ___.
Definition
systole:
Term
Why is mitral valve insufficiency murmur so common?
Definition
LV has more pressure in it, so the valve gets "beat up" more, can toughen up and not close completely
Term
What is Split S1?
Definition
The ventricles don't contract simultaneously (purkinje fibers may take longer to reach LV), so the AV valves slam shut at different times. Sounds like "lublub dub."
Term
When can Split S1 occur?
Definition
freaked out animal
Term
What is Split S2?
Definition
The semilunar valves don't close simultaneously. Sounds like "lub dubdub."
Term
A continuous S1 and S2 could mean...
Definition
enlarged heart or LV, heartworm, etc

it's a problem
Term
Clinical sign of neonatal circulation problem?
Definition
cyanosis
Term
What to do if you hear a murmur in a neonate?
Definition
-look for CS like cyanosis, fainting
-continue to monitor
-if no CS, baby is probably compensating
-murmur may go away with time
Term
VSD stands for:
Definition
ventricular septal defect
Term
What is VSD?
Definition
bubbles/aneurysms of the LV septal wall; creates holes between two ventricles
Term
Tetralogy of Fallot:
Definition
a congenital heat condition consisting of 4 defects; causes a continuous murmur and we just have to hope the heart fixes itself over time
Term
How many lung lobes does the K9 have? Name them.
Definition
6 total:

2 Left
-cranial (2 parts_
-caudal

3 Right
-cranial
-middle
-caudal

1 accessory
Term
What vessels form the brachiocephalic vein as they pass through the thoracic inlet?
Definition
R/L jugulars
R/L axillaries
Term
What vessels dump into the precava as it approaches the heart?
Definition
vena azygos
thoracic duct
Term
What does the vena azygos drain?
Definition
muscles around L1 - L4/L5
-epaxial
-psoas
Term
How do a subclavian arteries leave the thoracic cavity?
Definition
exits thoracic inlet and becomes axillary, circles 1st ribs, travels to armpit and becomes brachial artery at mid-humerus
Term
Describe the names of the subclavian artery as it exits the thoracic cavity and travels down the front limb.
Definition
-subclavian leaves thor. inlet
-then = axillary, circles 1st rib
-mid-humerus = brachial
-1 branch = superficial brachial, the other continues down limb
-at distal humerus = common interosseous
-at elbow = median
-branches into radial and ulnar (horses = mediopalmar)
-digital branches out
Term
Describe the names of the femoral artery as it exits the abdominal cavity and travels down the hind limb.
Definition
-external iliac
-deep femoral
-passes thru femoral ring/canal
-branches = saphenous, femoral
-saphenous > med/lat plantars
-femoral > popliteal at stifle
-cr. tibial at tib/fib
-dorsal pedal at hock
-dorsal metatarsal
-digitals
Term
Name the branches of the internal iliac artery:
Definition
Internal Pudendal
-artery of penis or clitoris

Urogenital
-vaginal / prostatic
-uterine / ductus deferens
-vesicular (bladder)
Term
Name the branches of the R. subclavian artery:
Definition
-vertebral
-R. axillary
-internal thoracic
-omocervical
Term
Arteries are always located ___ to bones.
Definition
medial
Term
Name the branches of the common carotid in the head/face region.
Definition
-internal carotid
-mandibular
-lingual
-facial
-auricular
Term
The entire GIT is drained by what vessel?
Definition
portal vein
Term
The liver is drained by what vessel?
Definition
hepatic vein, NOT portal vein!!! portal dumps into liver
Term
The hepatic vein dumps into what vessel?
Definition
Cd. vena cava
Term
The superficial brachial artery feeds...
Definition
muscles proximal to manus
Term
In the horse, what is the name of the artery above the knee?
Definition
mediopalmar (not radial/ulnar)
Term
What is the femoral ring / canal?
Definition
the space in which the femoral artery, vein, and nerves pass from the abdomen to the pelvic limb
Term
Which iliac artery leaves the abdomen and feeds the pelvic limb?
Definition
external iliac artery
Term
What is a saddle thrombus?
Definition
feline condition in which a clot lodges at the point where the iliacs branch off from the aorta, resulting in hind limb paralysis and cold hind limbs
Term
The internal pudendal artery supplies blood to...
Definition
penis/prepuce, dorsal vagina vault, vulva, clitoris
Term
The urogenital artery supplies blood to...
Definition
vagina and cranial part of uterus, prostate
Term
The uterine artery supplies blood to...
Definition
caudal uterus, ductus deferens
Term
The vesicular artery supplies blood to...
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
anastomosis
Definition
when vessels join together and become one
Term
During an OVH, the doctor must ligate AT LEAST __ vessels.
Definition
4 vessels (2 ovarian, 2 uterine)
Term
Where do the L and R common carotids split?
Definition
above thoracic inlet, medial to angle of jaw
Term
What arteries feed the brain?
Definition
internal carotids
Term
Importance of the lingual artery?
Definition
cooling off - panting
Term
What sucks blood into the hepatic vein and cd. vena cava from the "swamp-like" liver and portal vein?
Definition
inhalation > thoracic cavity expands > vacuum
Term
If a dog ingests a poison, how can you break the cycle of it traveling from intestines > portal vein > liver > bile duct > intestines...etc.?
Definition
mineral oil - will coat the poison and can't be absorbed
Term
jugular pulse
Definition
can result from mitral valve insufficiency; blood backs up in circulatory system and eventually causes jugulars to swell
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