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Cardiovascular System
N/A
113
Medical
Graduate
11/14/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
This ventricle occupies most of the anterior portion of the chest?
Definition
Right Ventricle
Term
The tip of the left ventricle is known as the?
Definition
Apex of  the heart
Term
The PMI (point of maximal impulse) normally ranges in size from?
Definition
1 to 2.5 cm
Term
A PMI greater than 2.5 cm is often indicitive of?
Definition
LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)
Term

This vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues?

 

Definition
Aorta
Term

This vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart?

 

Definition
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Term

Blood travels from the right atrium to the right ventricle through which valve?

 

Definition
Tricuspid valve
Term

Blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle through which valve?

 

Definition
Mitral valve
Term
The first heart sound originate from the closure of which valve?
Definition
Mitral valve
Term
The second heart sound originates from closure of which valve?
Definition
Aortic valve
Term
The period of ventricular contraction is known as?
Definition
Systole
Term
Ventricular relaxation is also known as?
Definition
Diastole
Term
Which valve is open during systole?
Definition
Aortic valve
Term
Normally, maximum left ventricular pressure corresponds to?
Definition
Systolic blood pressure
Term
Normal systolic blood pressure is?
Definition
120mmHg
Term
During diastole, the pressure falls to below what to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles?
Definition
5mmHg
Term
During systole, which valve is closed preventing backwash into the left atrium?
Definition
Mitral valve
Term
On opening snap is often indicitive of what?
Definition
Mitral stenosis
Term
An "s3 gallop" usually indiactes a pathologic change in what?
Definition
Ventricular compliance
Term
Pressures are greater on which side of the heart?
Definition
Left
Term
The second heart sound is broken down into two components, they are?
Definition
a2 and p2 (closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve)
Term
During s2, the louder of the two components is usually the closure of which valve?
Definition
Aortic
Term
During s1, which is the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, which is the louder component?
Definition
Mitral valve
Term
Murmurs are often a result of?
Definition
Turbulent blood flow
Term
Sounds and murmurs arising from the mitral valve are best heard at?
Definition
The apex
Term
Those originating in the tricuspid valve are heard best at or near the?
Definition
Lower left sternal border
Term
Murmurs arising from the pulmonic valve are best heard in the?
Definition
2nd and 3rd left interspaces
Term
Murmurs originating in the aortic valve may be heard?
Definition
Anywhere from the 2nd interspace to the apex
Term
Every normal electrical impulse in the heart is originated at the?
Definition
Sinus node
Term
The sinus node acts as a cardiac pacemaker and has an inherent rate of?
Definition
60 to 100 bpm
Term
The impulse sent from the sinus node then reaches what structure that slows the rate down?
Definition
Atrioventricular node
Term
After the impulse travels through the AV node, it reaches the?
Definition
Bundle of HIS
Term
What is the most specific test to observe the electrical properties of the heart?
Definition
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Term
The EKG consists of 6 limb leads that record electrical activity in which plane?
Definition
Frontal plane
Term
The 6 precordial leads on an EKG record electrical activity in which plane?
Definition
Transverse plane
Term
Electrical currents (vectors) that move toward the leads produce which kind of deflection?
Definition
Upward or positive
Term
Electrical currents moving away from the leads produce which kind of deflection?
Definition
Downward or negative
Term
When positive and negative vectors balance, they appear as a straight line, a term known as?
Definition
Isoelectric
Term
The P wave signifies?
Definition
Atrial depolarization
Term
The QRS complex signifies?
Definition
Ventricular depolarization
Term
The T wave signifies?
Definition
Ventricular repolarization
Term
The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute is referred to as the?
Definition
Cardiac output
Term
Cardiac output is a product of?
Definition
HR x SV
Term
The amount of blood pumped from the heart every time it beats is referred to as?
Definition
Stroke volume
Term
This term refers to the load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction?
Definition
Preload
Term
This term refers to the ability of the cardiac muscle, when given a load, to shorten?
Definition
Myocardial contactility
Term
This term refers to the degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction.
Definition
Afterload
Term
What is the technical term for a blood pressure cuff?
Definition
Sphygmomanometer
Term
What is the definition of pulse pressure?
Definition
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Term
What are the four factors influencing arterial pressure?
Definition

LV stroke volume

Distensibility of the aorta and large arteries

PVR

Volume of blood in the arterial system

Term
Jugular venous pressure is a direct indication of what?
Definition
Right atrial pressure
Term
Right atrial pressure is a direct indication of what?
Definition
Central venous pressure
Term
Which vein is most commonly used to measure jugular venous pressure?
Definition
Right internal jugular vein
Term
Blood loss causes the JVP to?
Definition
Decrease
Term
Right or left heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid stenosis, and pericardial tamponade cause the JVP to?
Definition
Increase
Term
The a wave reflects a slight rise in?
Definition
Atrial pressure that accompanies atrial contraction
Term
The x descent refers to?
Definition
Atrial relaxation
Term
When the tricuspid valve is closed, the right atria begins to fill with blood again, creating a second elevation known as?
Definition
The v wave
Term
When the tricuspid valve opens, blood flows passively into the right ventricle causing the?
Definition
y descent
Term

True or False?

Aging may affect the apical impulse?

Definition
True
Term
Common presenting symptoms of cardiovasular problems?
Definition
Chest pain, palpitations, swelling or edema, SOB, DOE, orthopnea, PND
Term
Anterior chest pain, often ripping or tearing with radiation to the back?
Definition
Aortic dissection
Term
Findings of an irregularly irregular rhythm?
Definition
Atrial fibrillation
Term
Term refers to the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space?
Definition
Edema
Term
Episodes of sudden dyspnea and orthopnea that awaken the patient from sleep, usually 1 to 2 hrs after going to bed?
Definition
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Term
Shortness of breath with lying supine?
Definition
Orthopnea
Term
This type of lighting is used to examine the JVP?
Definition
Tangential
Term
The bladder of the blood pressure cuff must be securely located over which artery?
Definition
Brachial artery
Term
The onset of Korotkoff sounds indicates what?
Definition
Systolic blood pressure
Term
The cessation of Korotkoff sounds indicates what?
Definition
Diastolic blood pressure
Term
At what elevation should you have the bed when first assessing the JVP?
Definition
30 degrees
Term
The distance, measured in cm above the sternal angle where the pulse is noted is the?
Definition
JVP
Term
Causes of decreased carotid pulsations include?
Definition
Decreased stroke volume, atherosclerotic narrowing or occlusion
Term
While palpating the carotid pulse, you notice a small, thready and weak pulse, this is a sign of?
Definition
Cardiogenic shock
Term
Bounding pulses are a sign of?
Definition
Aortic insufficiency
Term
A delayed carotid upstroke in relation to heartbeat can be indicitive of?
Definition
Aortic stenosis
Term
Medical term for a "humming vibration?"
Definition
Thrill
Term
A murmur-like sound that is of vascular origin rather than cardiac origin?
Definition
Bruit
Term
During the cardiac exam, the examiner should always be on which side of the patient?
Definition
Right
Term
On ascultation, you hear a soft decrescendo diastolic murmur, this is indicitive of?
Definition
Aortic regurgitation
Term

True or False?

Systolic murmurs are always pathologic?

Definition
False
Term
A heart situated on the right side of the chest is known as?
Definition
Dextrocardia
Term
Condition in which the heart, liver and stomach are all situated on the right side of the chest?
Definition
Situs inversus
Term
Palpation of the precordium is done with which part of the hand?
Definition
Pads of the fingertips (fingerpads)
Term
If no apical impulse is palpated with the patient lying supine, what is the best position to place the patient in order to assess for a PMI?
Definition
Left lateral decubitus
Term
The apical impulse is most commonly found where?
Definition
5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line
Term

True or False?

Pregnancy or a high left diaphragm may displace the PMI upward and to the left?

Definition
True
Term
Lateral displacement of the PMI can be caused by?
Definition
CHF, Cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease
Term
Increased amplitude of the PMI can be an indicator of?
Definition
Hyperthyroidism, severe anemia, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation
Term
A sustained, low-amplitude (hypokinetic) impulse may indicate?
Definition
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Term
This method of ascultation is best for examining the heart?
Definition
Inching
Term

True or False?

The loudest heart sound heard at the base of the heart is s1?

Definition
False
Term
Which part of the stethoscope is more sensitive for picking up high-pitched sounds of s1 and s2
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
The left lateral decubitus position is most commonly used to diagnose abnormalities of which valve?
Definition
Mitral
Term
This part of the stethoscope is best used for identifying the low pitched s3 and s4 sounds?
Definition
Bell
Term
Asking the patient to sit up and lean forward often accentuates which diastolic murmur?
Definition
Aortic regurgitation
Term
When describing a murmur, the clinician tells you that it is loud with a palpable thrill, you report this as what grade?
Definition
Grade 4
Term
Quiet but heard immediately when placing the stethoscope on the chest. This refers to which grade of heart murmurs?
Definition
Grade 2
Term
Systolic clicks are normally caused by?
Definition
Mitral valve prolapse
Term
Ascultation of an opening snap is normally indicitive of?
Definition
Mitral stenosis
Term
On exam, you ascultate a medium pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur that radiates to the right of the sternum to the xiphoid area, the most likely diagnosis is?
Definition
Tricuspid regurgitation
Term
On ascultation, you notice a high pitched, harsh holosystolic murmur in the 3rd 4th and 5th left interspaces. You also notice a thrill. Your diagnosis is?
Definition
Ventricular septal defect
Term
On ascultation, you hear a medium pitched, harsh holosystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the left axilla. Your diagnosis is?
Definition
Mitral regurgitation
Term
While the patient is sitting, leaning forward you hear a harsh, cresendo-decresendo murmur with radiation to both carotids and the apex. Diagnosis?
Definition
Aortic stenosis
Term
Pregnant women are most likely to come to the office with which type of murmur?
Definition
Physiologic
Term
On ascultation you hear a blowing decresendo diastolic murmur with the diaphragm in the 2nd and 4th left interspaces. Diagnosis?
Definition
Aortic regurgitation
Term
On ascultation, you place the bell on the PMI and hear a decresendo, low-pitched rumble with the bell. In order to accentuate the sounds, you roll the patient into the left lateral decubitus position. This signifies the murmur of?
Definition
Mitral stenosis
Term
While ascultating a child you hear a medium pitched, harsh, machinery-like murmur at the 2nd left interspace that proceeds through systole and diastole. Name the murmur?
Definition
Patent ductus arteriosus
Term
The clinician describes to you a low pitched, continuous humming murmur located above the medial third of the clavicles. You tell him that it is?
Definition
Venous hum
Term
While listening with your diaphragm, you hear a high pitched scratchy murmur in the 3rd interspace to the left of the sternum with three distinct components, you think of?
Definition
Pericardial friction rub
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