Term
This ventricle occupies most of the anterior portion of the chest? |
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Definition
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Term
The tip of the left ventricle is known as the? |
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Definition
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Term
The PMI (point of maximal impulse) normally ranges in size from? |
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Definition
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Term
A PMI greater than 2.5 cm is often indicitive of? |
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Definition
LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy) |
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Term
This vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues?
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Definition
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Term
This vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart?
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Definition
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava |
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Term
Blood travels from the right atrium to the right ventricle through which valve?
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Definition
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Term
Blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle through which valve?
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Definition
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Term
The first heart sound originate from the closure of which valve? |
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Definition
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Term
The second heart sound originates from closure of which valve? |
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Definition
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Term
The period of ventricular contraction is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
Ventricular relaxation is also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
Which valve is open during systole? |
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Definition
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Term
Normally, maximum left ventricular pressure corresponds to? |
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Definition
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Term
Normal systolic blood pressure is? |
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Definition
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Term
During diastole, the pressure falls to below what to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
During systole, which valve is closed preventing backwash into the left atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
On opening snap is often indicitive of what? |
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Definition
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Term
An "s3 gallop" usually indiactes a pathologic change in what? |
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Definition
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Term
Pressures are greater on which side of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
The second heart sound is broken down into two components, they are? |
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Definition
a2 and p2 (closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve) |
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Term
During s2, the louder of the two components is usually the closure of which valve? |
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Definition
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Term
During s1, which is the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, which is the louder component? |
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Definition
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Term
Murmurs are often a result of? |
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Definition
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Term
Sounds and murmurs arising from the mitral valve are best heard at? |
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Definition
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Term
Those originating in the tricuspid valve are heard best at or near the? |
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Definition
Lower left sternal border |
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Term
Murmurs arising from the pulmonic valve are best heard in the? |
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Definition
2nd and 3rd left interspaces |
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Term
Murmurs originating in the aortic valve may be heard? |
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Definition
Anywhere from the 2nd interspace to the apex |
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Term
Every normal electrical impulse in the heart is originated at the? |
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Definition
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Term
The sinus node acts as a cardiac pacemaker and has an inherent rate of? |
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Definition
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Term
The impulse sent from the sinus node then reaches what structure that slows the rate down? |
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Definition
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Term
After the impulse travels through the AV node, it reaches the? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the most specific test to observe the electrical properties of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
The EKG consists of 6 limb leads that record electrical activity in which plane? |
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Definition
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Term
The 6 precordial leads on an EKG record electrical activity in which plane? |
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Definition
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Term
Electrical currents (vectors) that move toward the leads produce which kind of deflection? |
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Definition
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Term
Electrical currents moving away from the leads produce which kind of deflection? |
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Definition
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Term
When positive and negative vectors balance, they appear as a straight line, a term known as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The QRS complex signifies? |
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Definition
Ventricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute is referred to as the? |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiac output is a product of? |
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Definition
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Term
The amount of blood pumped from the heart every time it beats is referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
This term refers to the load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
This term refers to the ability of the cardiac muscle, when given a load, to shorten? |
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Definition
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Term
This term refers to the degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the technical term for a blood pressure cuff? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the definition of pulse pressure? |
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Definition
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures |
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Term
What are the four factors influencing arterial pressure? |
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Definition
LV stroke volume
Distensibility of the aorta and large arteries
PVR
Volume of blood in the arterial system |
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Term
Jugular venous pressure is a direct indication of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Right atrial pressure is a direct indication of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Which vein is most commonly used to measure jugular venous pressure? |
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Definition
Right internal jugular vein |
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Term
Blood loss causes the JVP to? |
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Definition
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Term
Right or left heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid stenosis, and pericardial tamponade cause the JVP to? |
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Definition
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Term
The a wave reflects a slight rise in? |
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Definition
Atrial pressure that accompanies atrial contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
When the tricuspid valve is closed, the right atria begins to fill with blood again, creating a second elevation known as? |
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Definition
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Term
When the tricuspid valve opens, blood flows passively into the right ventricle causing the? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
Aging may affect the apical impulse? |
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Definition
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Term
Common presenting symptoms of cardiovasular problems? |
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Definition
Chest pain, palpitations, swelling or edema, SOB, DOE, orthopnea, PND |
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Term
Anterior chest pain, often ripping or tearing with radiation to the back? |
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Definition
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Term
Findings of an irregularly irregular rhythm? |
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Definition
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Term
Term refers to the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space? |
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Definition
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Term
Episodes of sudden dyspnea and orthopnea that awaken the patient from sleep, usually 1 to 2 hrs after going to bed? |
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Definition
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) |
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Term
Shortness of breath with lying supine? |
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Definition
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Term
This type of lighting is used to examine the JVP? |
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Definition
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Term
The bladder of the blood pressure cuff must be securely located over which artery? |
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Definition
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Term
The onset of Korotkoff sounds indicates what? |
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Definition
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Term
The cessation of Korotkoff sounds indicates what? |
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Definition
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Term
At what elevation should you have the bed when first assessing the JVP? |
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Definition
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Term
The distance, measured in cm above the sternal angle where the pulse is noted is the? |
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Definition
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Term
Causes of decreased carotid pulsations include? |
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Definition
Decreased stroke volume, atherosclerotic narrowing or occlusion |
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Term
While palpating the carotid pulse, you notice a small, thready and weak pulse, this is a sign of? |
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Definition
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Term
Bounding pulses are a sign of? |
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Definition
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Term
A delayed carotid upstroke in relation to heartbeat can be indicitive of? |
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Definition
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Term
Medical term for a "humming vibration?" |
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Definition
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Term
A murmur-like sound that is of vascular origin rather than cardiac origin? |
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Definition
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Term
During the cardiac exam, the examiner should always be on which side of the patient? |
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Definition
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Term
On ascultation, you hear a soft decrescendo diastolic murmur, this is indicitive of? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
Systolic murmurs are always pathologic? |
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Definition
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Term
A heart situated on the right side of the chest is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
Condition in which the heart, liver and stomach are all situated on the right side of the chest? |
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Definition
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Term
Palpation of the precordium is done with which part of the hand? |
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Definition
Pads of the fingertips (fingerpads) |
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Term
If no apical impulse is palpated with the patient lying supine, what is the best position to place the patient in order to assess for a PMI? |
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Definition
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Term
The apical impulse is most commonly found where? |
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Definition
5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line |
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Term
True or False?
Pregnancy or a high left diaphragm may displace the PMI upward and to the left? |
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Definition
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Term
Lateral displacement of the PMI can be caused by? |
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Definition
CHF, Cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease |
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Term
Increased amplitude of the PMI can be an indicator of? |
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Definition
Hyperthyroidism, severe anemia, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation |
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Term
A sustained, low-amplitude (hypokinetic) impulse may indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
This method of ascultation is best for examining the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
The loudest heart sound heard at the base of the heart is s1? |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the stethoscope is more sensitive for picking up high-pitched sounds of s1 and s2 |
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Definition
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Term
The left lateral decubitus position is most commonly used to diagnose abnormalities of which valve? |
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Definition
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Term
This part of the stethoscope is best used for identifying the low pitched s3 and s4 sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
Asking the patient to sit up and lean forward often accentuates which diastolic murmur? |
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Definition
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Term
When describing a murmur, the clinician tells you that it is loud with a palpable thrill, you report this as what grade? |
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Definition
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Term
Quiet but heard immediately when placing the stethoscope on the chest. This refers to which grade of heart murmurs? |
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Definition
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Term
Systolic clicks are normally caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
Ascultation of an opening snap is normally indicitive of? |
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Definition
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Term
On exam, you ascultate a medium pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur that radiates to the right of the sternum to the xiphoid area, the most likely diagnosis is? |
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Definition
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Term
On ascultation, you notice a high pitched, harsh holosystolic murmur in the 3rd 4th and 5th left interspaces. You also notice a thrill. Your diagnosis is? |
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Definition
Ventricular septal defect |
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Term
On ascultation, you hear a medium pitched, harsh holosystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the left axilla. Your diagnosis is? |
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Definition
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Term
While the patient is sitting, leaning forward you hear a harsh, cresendo-decresendo murmur with radiation to both carotids and the apex. Diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
Pregnant women are most likely to come to the office with which type of murmur? |
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Definition
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Term
On ascultation you hear a blowing decresendo diastolic murmur with the diaphragm in the 2nd and 4th left interspaces. Diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
On ascultation, you place the bell on the PMI and hear a decresendo, low-pitched rumble with the bell. In order to accentuate the sounds, you roll the patient into the left lateral decubitus position. This signifies the murmur of? |
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Definition
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Term
While ascultating a child you hear a medium pitched, harsh, machinery-like murmur at the 2nd left interspace that proceeds through systole and diastole. Name the murmur? |
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Definition
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Term
The clinician describes to you a low pitched, continuous humming murmur located above the medial third of the clavicles. You tell him that it is? |
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Definition
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Term
While listening with your diaphragm, you hear a high pitched scratchy murmur in the 3rd interspace to the left of the sternum with three distinct components, you think of? |
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Definition
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