Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System including the specifics behind Blood
136
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/27/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the functions of blood?
Definition
1) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste
2) regulation of body pH, temperature, water volume of cells
3) protection - clot formation, white blood cells, antibodies (neutralize pathogens)
Term
What are the components of blood?
Definition
1) plasma - liquid portion of blood
2) formed elements - cells & pieces of cells
Term
What are the formed elements?
Definition
Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (platelets - NOT cells, just cell fragments)
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
production of all the formed elements
Term
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Definition
* In the embryo & fetus - liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus gland, YOLK SAC (major site)
* In adults - myeloid tissue (RBM - sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis) capable of giving rise to ALL formed elements; lymphoid tissue - capable of giving rise to agranulocytes
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
99% of all formed elements which are all alike; biconcave disk - increases surface area, flexible; no nucleus - very little metabolism; no mitochondria - cannot produce ATP aerobically, must carry out glycolysis; no mitosis; hemoglobin - 280 mil. molecules/cell
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
designated as HG/HGB; 4 protein chains (globins) - 2 alpha, 2 beta; each globin contains heme, each heme contains iron; in cell respiration, hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide, captures hydrogen ions & buffers so pH won't go down
Term
Erythrocytes are highly modified to carry out functions, what are these modifications?
Definition
* biconcave shape - increased oxygen/carbon dioxide that can diffuse
* hemoglobin
* no nucleus - increased hemoglobin carrying space
* ATP is made anaerobically through glycolysis
Term
erythropoiesis
Definition
- formation of red blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow
- starts with pluripotent stem cell; produces a proerythroblast (nucleus, no HGB)
- nucleus provides DNA instructions to produce HGB; when cell is nearly full of HGB, the nucleus is dejected to make room for more HGB; leads to a mature RBC
Term
erythropoiesis (#2)
Definition
occurs at the same rate which you lose RBC; controlled on a negative feedback loop involving kidney - kidney has receptors that monitor oxygen levels, when oxygen levels go down, the kidney responds by secreting a hormone called erythropoietin -- target organ (RBM); stimulates production of RBCs
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells with no pigmented molecules, have a nucleus, least numerous of the formed elements, do most work outside of blood in other tissues, glycoproteins that belong to a group of proteins called major histocompatibility complex antigens; "self markers"
Term
2 different categories of WBCs
Definition
1) granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm, lobed nucleus) - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils // 2) agranulocytes (no granules, very large spherical nuclei) - lymphocytes, monocytes
Term
general WBC functions
Definition
chemotaxis (damaged cells release histamine, bacteria releases chemicals, microbes come to fight); diapedisis - migrates across BV wall into tissue space; adherence; phagocytosis - WBC engulfs microbe, vacuole forms around microbe, WBC dumps chemicals into vacuole, destroys microbe
Term
neutrophils (polymorphonucleocyte)
Definition
* nucleus varies from cell to cell
* band - immature neutrophil
* important in phagocytosis, typically first WBC to respond to infection & increases dramatically with time, most abundant WBC
Term
monocytes
Definition
* largest WBC, indented nucleus, in circulation
* phagocytic, when a monocyte migrates out of a BV, it is considered a macrophage
* slower to respond to an infection but NOT part of the immune system; they are however very essential to the function of immune cells
Term
fixed macrophage
Definition
glued in one place; ex: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, etc. pick off foreign/damaged cells as they pass by; make up the reticuloendothelial system
Term
wandering macrophage
Definition
search out foreign/damaged cells to carry out phagocytosis
Term
basophils
Definition
* least numerous of WBCs, slightly larger than a RBC
* large granules, dark purple
* can migrate, name changes after basophil leaves a blood vessel -- MAST CELLS
* contains chemicals - heparin & histamine (chemotaxis, inflammation, allergic reactions)
- IgE (protein on cell mem.) = if you have IgE on mast cells, you have allergies
Term
eosinophils
Definition
* twice the size of RBC; granules are orange/red
* most numerous in mucous membranes of digestive tube & respiratory tract
* contain antihistamine
* phagocytic - antigen-antibody complex
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
second most numerous of WBCs, abundant in lymphoid tissue, large nucleus that nearly fills the cell
* gives rise to cells of immune system: B-cells & T-cells
Term
differential count
Definition
determines # of each type of WBC in a total of 100 WBC
Term
leukopoiesis
Definition
controlled by hormones (hematopoietic growth factors)
* colony-stimulating factors
* interleukin
- both hormones produced by macrophages and T-cells; stimulate WBC precursor cells to divide
Term
thrombocytes
Definition
* pieces of cells, fragments
* stem cell - megakaryoblast
* mitosis (nuclear division) - megakaryoblasts do not cytokinese, leads to critical mass; splintering
* blood clot formation; production controlled by thrombopoietin (produced by liver)
Term
plasma
Definition
* blood without formed elements
* viscous, dissolved substances
* plasma proteins contribute to viscosity and colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (important solute)
* reservoir for amino acids
Term
albumin (plasma protein)
Definition
* most abundant, most responsible for colloidal osmotic pressure
* important buffer in plasma (H+ ions)
* wound healing, molecular transport
* significant reservoir for amino acids
* made in liver
Term
globulins (PP - 3 kinds)
Definition
alpha & beta (liver)
- buffer, C.O.P., reservoirs for a.a., transport

gamma (liver)
- antibodies (immune system)
- defense mechanism
Term
fibrinogen (PP)
Definition
* made by liver
* soluble protein (dissolved in plasma)
* role in blood clot formation
-- NOTE: suffix -ogen = inactive form of molecule, when converted to FIBRIN, it can function in BC formation
Term
serum
Definition
plasma without clotting proteins
Term
hemostasis
Definition
* re-establishes a closed vascular system after a B.V. is broken
* rapid, local
* 3 specific phases: 1) vascular spasm, 2) platelet plug formation, 3) coagulation (clot)
Term
agglutinogen
Definition
antigen on RBCs (big letter)
Term
agglutinin
Definition
antibody for an agglutinogen (little letter)
Term
agglutination
Definition
clumping of RBCs due to the formation of an antigen-antibody complex
Term
heart
Definition
* mechanical pump for blood thru closed vascular system
* 2 pumps
- right side (pulmonary circuit) & left side (systemic circuit)
* size of fist, hollow, cone-shaped
Term
fibrous pericardium
Definition
outermost covering of the heart, composed of dense CT, provides protection to the heart, anchors heart to surrounding organs
Term
serous pericardium
Definition
parietal layer lines fibrous pericardium, visceral layer forms epicardium - outermost layer of heart wall (between the two layers - SEROUS FLUID)
Term
endothelium
Definition
the layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the heart, the blood and lymph vessels, and the serous cavities of the body. It is highly vascular, heals quickly, and is derived from the mesoderm.
Term
endocardium
Definition
innermost of the 3 layers of the heart, formed by endothelium and attached to CT
Term
myocardium
Definition
muscle (cardiac), thickest, bulk of heart wall, allows contraction for pumping, muscles have spiral arrangement "wring" when it contracts - bigger bld. vol. pumped / CT skeleton - CT fibers, support, serves as attachment point for cardiac muscle fibers - collagen & elastic
Term
epicardium
Definition
adipose tissue, visceral layer of serous pericardium
Term
auricles
Definition
ears on the outside surface of the heart, lie over atria, slightly increase surface area
Term
coronary sulcus
Definition
also called atrioventricular sulcus; groove separates atria from ventricles, contains significant coronary BV and adipose tissue
Term
anterior & posterior interventricular sulcus
Definition
between two ventricles (front & back); both contain significant coronary BV and adipose tissue
Term
atria
Definition
receiving chambers (blood from circulation)
* posterior wall - smooth
* anterior wall - ridges (pectinate muscles)
both walls are relatively thin
Term
ventricles
Definition
lower chambers, discharging chambers, walls thick (LV wall thicker than RV wall)
* internal surface of vent. walls - irregular ridges of muscles (trabculae carneae) / papillary muscles (fingerlike projections from ventricle walls)
Term
blood vessels that dump into the right atrium
Definition
3 vessels that are veins
- superior vena cava (above heart)
- inferior vena cava (below heart)
- coronary sinus (wall of heart)
Term
blood vessels that serve the right ventricle
Definition
pulmonary trunk - drains RV
- right pulmonary artery & left pulmonary artery - carries CO2 rich blood to be oxygenated blood @ lungs
Term
blood vessels that dump into the left atrium
Definition
4 pulmonary veins - oxygen rich
Term
blood vessel that serves the left ventricle
Definition
aorta - gives rise to many arteries
* ascending, arch, descending (splits into 2 arteries in pelvic cavity - common iliac)
Term
coronary circulation
Definition
chamber walls of the heart are too thick to take advantage of blood moving through, heart has its own BV to serve itself
Term
coronary arteries
Definition
1st to branch off aorta
- left = branches into the anterior interventricular artery & circumflex artery
- right = branches into posterior interventricular artery & marginal artery
Term
anterior interventricular artery
Definition
branches provide blood supply to both ventricles
Term
circumflex artery
Definition
branches provide blood supply to wall of left atrium and part of left ventricular wall
Term
posterior interventricular artery
Definition
branches provide blood supply to posterior ventricle walls
Term
marginal artery
Definition
branches provide blood supply to right atrium and part of right ventricular wall
Term
anastomoses
Definition
blood vessels that provide collateral circulation/backup blood flow to specific regions of the heart
* provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed
* heart muscles may receive sufficient oxygen even if one of its coronary arteries is partially blocked
Term
heart valves
Definition
"directional flow"; moves in a specific manner: 1) cardiac cycle, 2) valves
- 2 sets in heart
1) AV valves (between A & V)
2) semilunar valves (between vent. & vessels that drain them)
* NO VALVES @ ENTRANCE TO THE ATRIA
Term
AV valves
Definition
consist of flaps of tissue called cusps, each cusp has a central core of CT covered by endocardium
RT: tricuspid
LF: bicuspid
* cusps grow out of heart wall, terminate into a point that projects into the ventricle, @ the point - cords of CT (chordae tendinae) attach to papillary muscles in ventricular wall
* AV valves close when vent. contract
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
3 flaps (cusps); no chordae tendinae or papillary muscles, shaped like a pocket
RT: pulmonary valve
LF: aortic valve
* opening of cusps faces the vessel; semilunars open w/ contraction of vent.
Term
cardiac muscle fiber
Definition
* desmosomes
* gap junctions - permit waves of depolarization to move from cell to cell (syncytium)
* high # of mitochondria; no anaerobic cell respiration; use glucose, fatty acids, lactic acids, & ketones for ATP (require presence of oxygen); creatine phosphate; myoglobin; less calcium storage in SR than skel. musc. fibers; autorhythmic
Term
2 functional muscle masses - atria & ventricles
Definition
must coordinate contraction pattern
Term
conduction system of the heart
Definition
allows chambers to coordinate activity, consists of nodal tissue in myocardium (generates an action potential)
Term
nodal tissue
Definition
1) SA node
2) AV node
3) AV bundle/bundle of His
4) right & left bundle branches
5) Purkinje fibers
Term
3 steps in cardiac action potential
Definition
1) depolarization
2) plateau
3) repolarization
Term
electrocardiogram
Definition
records waves of electrical current on surface of the heart
* 3 distinct waves
- P wave = atrial depolarization
- QRS complex = ventricular depolarization
- T wave = ventricular repolarization
Term
arrhythmia
Definition
any variation in a normal heartbeat/rhythm due to: 1) alteration of SA node activity; 2) blockage of conduction system of heart/interference with nodal tissue ("heart block")
Term
heart sounds
Definition
* AV valves closing - louder & longer
* semilunars closing - shorter & sharper
- heart murmur = any abnormal sound in cardiac cycle
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
all the events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat
SYSTOLE: contraction
DIASTOLE: relaxation
Term
cardiac output
Definition
output of each ventricle/minute
* 2 components: 1) beats/min. & 2) vol. of blood/contraction
* stroke volume: amt of blood ejected by left ventricle per contraction
- 2 factors: 1) force of contraction & 2) vol. of venous bld. returned to heart
Term
Starling's Law of the Heart
Definition
The Frank–Starling law of the heart (also known as Starling's law or the Frank–Starling mechanism) states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume). The increased volume of blood stretches the ventricular wall, causing cardiac muscle to contract more forcefully (the so-called Frank-Starling mechanisms). The stroke volume may also increase as a result of greater contractility of the cardiac muscle during exercise, independent of the end-diastolic volume. The Frank-Starling mechanism appears to make its greatest contribution to increasing stroke volume at lower work rates, and contractility has its greatest influence at higher work rates. This allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return, arterial blood supply and humeral length without depending upon external regulation to make alterations.
Term
cardiac reserve
Definition
difference between resting & maximum cardiac output
Term
afterload
Definition
pressure heart must overcome in order for ventricles to eject blood into aorta (open semilunar valves)
Term
cardiac/cardiovascular center
Definition
located in the medulla oblongata; regulates heart rate
Term
cardioacceleratory center (part of CVC)
Definition
part of the sympathetic nervous system; utilizes nerve fibers in spinal nerves T1-T5; terminate in SA node, AV node, & myocardium; when stimulated = releases norepinephrine; norepinephrine binds to beta 1 adrenergic receptors = SA fires more rapidly, myocardium contracts more forcefully; increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output; stimulated by stressors
Term
cardioinhibitory system (part of CVC)
Definition
part of parasympathetic nervous system, slows down, utilizes nerve fibers in vagus nerve; terminates in SA/AV nodes, releases NT acetylcholine (slows heart rate & force of contraction)
- WHEN @ REST, PNS sends out stronger message than SNS - heart rate is lower than if there were no fibers; "vagal tone"
Term
factors that affect heart rate
Definition
proprioceptors - physical activity
chemoreceptors - H+ ions, CO2, O2
baroreceptors - blood pressure
Term
norepinephrine & epinephrine
Definition
secreted by adrenal medulla; directely stimulated by SNS, mimics the SNS response & prolongs it
Term
thyroxine
Definition
secreted by the thyroid gland in lg. amts. in response to increased rate and force of contraction
Term
calcium ions
Definition
hypocalcemia - heart action is depressed
hypercalcemia - increased heart action, can lead to tetany
Term
potassium ions
Definition
primarly ICF but in this situation, ECF
- hypokalemia - heart beats poorly, arrhythmias
- hyperkalemia - interferes w/ depolarization, can produce a heart block or may stop functioning altogether
Term
sodium ions
Definition
hypernatremia - extracellular; inhibits transport of calcium ions into cardiac muscle fiber
Term
blood vessels
Definition
3 types: artery, capillary, vein
- capillaries: only vessels where there is exchange of material between blood and tissue
Term
tunica intima
Definition
innermost, adjacent to lumen, layer of endothelium attached to basement membrane attached to a thin layer of elastic fibers
Term
tunica media
Definition
middle, in most vessels = thick layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers plus elastic CT (s.m. fibers control size of lumen) / s.m. fibers ennervated by vasomotor nerve fibers (sympathetic fibers) control contraction & relaxation of s.m. fibers; control vasoconstriction (sympathetic) & vasodilation (decreased symp. stimulation)
Term
tunica externa
Definition
outermost, collagen & elastic fibers give support to vessel wall; help anchor the vessel in place
Term
vasa vasorum
Definition
blood vessel that provides circulation to the wall of a vessel
Term
arteries
Definition
take blood away from the heart, has 3 BV layers, elastic fibers in wall (compliance = ability to expand & recoil)
Term
elastic artery
Definition
largest, thick walls, largest lumens; located close to the heart; tunica media - primarily elastic CT (tremendous ability to expand & recoil = recoil propels blood onward when vent. is in relaxation)
EX: aorta, pulmonary trunk & arteries, brachiocephalic, common iliac
Term
muscular artery
Definition
branches from elastic arteries; medium/small, deliver to spec. organs: ex - hepatic artery, renal artery; tunica media - less elastic CT, more s.m. fibers = great role in VC & VD
Term
arteriole
Definition
branches from muscular arteries; smallest; tunica media is almost completely smooth muscle (MAJOR PLAYERS IN VC & VD = BP); gives rise to capillaries
Term
capillaries
Definition
smallest BV; diameter of lumen: 1 RBC; extensive bodywide network, only BV where materials can be exchanged; adjacent to virtually ALL tissues/cells; # of capillaries in any tissue is directly related to metabolic activity a tissue carries out
wall: endothelium (simple squamous); designed for diffusion, osmosis & filtration
Term
continuous capillaries
Definition
most common, narrow diameter, smooth endothelium; brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, CT
Term
fenestrated capillaries
Definition
endothelial wall has slit-like openings = allow large molecules to cross capillary wall; kidney, endocrine glands, small intestine
Term
sinusoid capillaries
Definition
large lumen, irregular edges; fenestrations, lined with phagocytic WBC (FIXED macrophages); liver, spleen, etc. = filtering of blood
Term
portal vein
Definition
artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> vein -> capillary beds -> vein -> heart
- delivers blood to capillary beds without taking blood to heart first, CO2 rich blood
- merge into veins
Term
veins
Definition
carry blood toward the heart; when capillaries merge = venule
- smallest of veins, thin walls (tunica intima & externa ONLY); tend to be porous = lg. molecules capable of passing thru wall
* venules in RBM are porous = RBCs
Term
veins
Definition
3 BV layers, walls are sig. thinner than a comparably sized artery wall, larger lumens; tunica media - very little sm. muscle; in larger veins, tunica externa contains a thin layer of smooth muscle (vena cava); in limbs = contain valves
- vascular sinus = venous sinus; no smooth muscle in the wall, dense CT
- veins follow corresponding routes to arteries
- virtually no pressure on blood in veins; have to move blood uphill
Term
factors that keep blood moving in veins
Definition
1) valves (folds of tunica intima)
2) large lumen = reduced resistance
3) skeletal muscle pump = legs have deep veins, contraction of muscles pushes blood upwards
4) respiratory system pump - diaphragm squeezes inferior vena cava to bring blood to heart
Term
angiogenesis
Definition
growth of new blood vessels usually only happens prenatally; POSTNATAL: tissue repair, weight gain, blockage in coronary vessel pre-heart attack, high altitude living
Term
arterial pulse
Definition
alternating expansion and recoil of arteries from contraction/relaxation of ventricle; heart rate
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
thickening of the wall of an artery, decreased lumen leads to increased blood pressure
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
layer of "cement" in blood vessel; decreased lumen leads to increased blood pressure and decreased elasticity
Term
resistance
Definition
opposition to blood flow; amt. of friction bld. encounters through BV
3 sources: 1) viscosity, 2) length of vessel, 3) size of lumen
occurs throughout but most occurs in peripheral vessels (BV in arms & legs)
Term
systemic vascular resistance
Definition
all vascular resistance produced by all BV in systemic circulation
Term
systemic arteries
Definition
exhibits a rise and fall that corresponds with contraction & relaxation of the left ventricle
PRESSURE PEAK - systolic = direct result of contraction of left vent.
PRESSURE LOW - diastolic = direct result of relaxation of left vent.; aorta recoil; occurs before next ventricular contraction
Term
blood pressure is significantly reduced by time bld. reaches capillary walls; why is this important?
Definition
decreased pressure protects capillary walls
Term
arterial blood pressure
Definition
3 principal factors maintain:
1) cardiac output
2) blood volume
3) peripheral resistance (CVC - both cardiac & vasomotor centers)
Term
diff. between cardiac & vasomotor center
Definition
cardiac center directly relates to heart action (rate & force of contraction); cardiac center utilizes both arms of ANS; cardiac center utilized nerve fibers T1-T5 & vagus nerve
vasomotor directly affects diameter of arterioles - DOES NOT do anything to the heart; utilizes sympathetic ONLY; utilizes nerve fibers in T1-T12 plus L1-L2
Term
vasomotor center (VMC)
Definition
medulla oblongata; generates continuous # of impulses that terminate in smooth muscle of arteriole wall = maintains tonic contractions of smooth muscle fibers which produces peripheral resistance
- increased # = vasoconstriction
- decreased # = vasodilation
decreased peripheral resistance leads to decreased blood pressure
Term
baroreceptors & VMC
Definition
monitor blood pressure; carotid sinus reflex = receptors are located in the carotid arteries; utilizes nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve; when blood pressure goes up, the receptors send an inhibitory message to vasomotor center; smooth muscle fibers in arteriole walls relax which produces vasodilation, peripheral resistance decreases, blood pressure decreases; controls BP in the brain
aortic reflex = receptors are in the aorta; utilizes vagus nerve fibers, works the same as C.S.R.; monitors BP in systemic circulation
Term
chemoreceptors & VMC
Definition
^ CO2, ^ H+ ions, v O2
- all 3 interrelated, send a stimulatory message to vasomotor center = causes vasoconstriction; increased BP; increased rt. of respiration
Term
hormonal affects & VMC
Definition
epinephrine/norepinephrine = adrenal medulla, symp. stimulation; directly affect walls of arterioles; vasoc. of arterioles serving skin & visceral organs; vasod. to arterioles serving skeletal muscles & cardiac muscle
Term
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Definition
wall of atria; increased blood pressure in atria during diastole causes secretion
Term
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Definition
walls of ventricles; increased blood pressure in ventricle during diastole secretes
Term
ANP & BNP
Definition
very potent = cause vasodilation; @ kidney - dumps more water from blood into urine which causes a decrease in blood volume and an eventual decrease in BP
Term
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
also called vasopressin; made by hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary; decreased blood pressure causes secretion; hemorrhage - ADH secrets -> arterioles -> VC -> increased BP /// kidney - ADH -> increased H2O in blood -> increased b.vol. -> increased BP
Term
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
Definition
composed of renin, angiotensin, & aldosterone
- renin = enzyme secreted by kidney in response to low BP / angiotensin - plasma protein made by liver / aldosterone - hormone made by adrenal cortex (goes to kidney to tell it to put more sodium ion in blood)
- blood pressure goes down -> kidney secrets enzyme renin -> converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I -> lungs (enzyme ACE) converts I to II -> angiotensin II goes to adrenal cortex to tell it to secrete aldosterone -> goes to kidney, ^ reabsorption of sodium ion into blood, water follows solute -> ^ in total bld. vol.; ^ BP
Term
erythropoietin & BP
Definition
increase RBCs; increase B.Vol.
Term
autoregulation of blood flow
Definition
local regulation through a given tissue; automatic adjustment based on need = independent of systemic factors; governed by oxygen levels; NITRIC OXIDE: strong VD molecule, principal in decreased BP; made by endothelial cells only when needed; diffuses outside of cells made, works where produced
Term
perfusion
Definition
blood flow through a given body tissue; delivery of O2 & nutrients, removal of waste; @ lungs = gas exchange; urine formation in kidney; small intestine = absorption of nutrients
Term
shock
Definition
failure of CV system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet body demand; inadequate perfusion through body organs
- decreased oxygen -> anaerobic C.R. -> lactic acid increase -> pH decreases
Term
hypovolemic shock
Definition
not enough blood volume to take care of cells; hemorrhage, diabetes insipidus, inadequate water intake
Term
cardiogenic shock
Definition
poor heart function (attack)
Term
vascular shock
Definition
inappropriate vasodilation; anaphylactic shock = histamine released bodywide (VD)
Term
obstructive shock
Definition
obstruction/blockage in blood flow - embolism
Term
mechanisms to compensate/respond to shock
Definition
1) local vasodilation
2) SNS stimulation
3) secretion of ADH
4) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Term
circulatory pathways
Definition
pulmonary & systemic
- pulmonary: delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated (right side)
- systemic: BODYWIDE, left side, "functional blood"
Term
hepatic portal system
Definition
transport blood from digestive tube to liver which involves a portal vein; nutrients from meal is absorbed into blood from small intestine - liver regulates level of nutrients in blood
Term
3 principal vessels of hepatic portal system
Definition
hepatic artery = delivers oxygen rich blood to the liver
hepatic portal vein = formed by the union of the sup. mesenteric vein & splenic vein (drain blood from digestive tube, CO2/nutrient rich -> empties into the liver)
hepatic vein = drains CO2 rich blood from the liver
Term
fetal circulation
Definition
placenta - gets rid of O2 & CO2
umbilical cord - contains fetal BV
Term
umbilical vein
Definition
transports blood from the placenta to the fetus, highest amt. of oxygen of baby blood vessels
enters @ umbilicus, goes to area of the liver; @ the liver, it branches => one branch merges with the hepatic portal vein (makes contact w/ liver, comes out hepatic vein, empties into inferior vena cava) // second branch bypasses the liver, forms a fetal vessel called the ductus venosus & eventually empties into inferior vena cava
Term
umbilical arteries (2)
Definition
transport blood from fetus to the placenta
Term
mixed blood (only in fetus)
Definition
deoxygenated blood from fetal systemic circuit w/ oxygenated blood from umbilical vein
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
interatrial septum; most blood passes through to left atrium via foramen ovale in fetus
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
between pulmonary trunk & aorta; fetal BV -> rt. ventricle to pulmonary trunk -> aorta -> systemic circuit
Term
systemic circuit of the fetus
Definition
systemic circuit of the fetus is like an adult except for one thing
* you know in adults, aorta branches into common iliac; common iliac branches into external & internal iliac - IN FETUS: branches into umbilical artery -> umbilicus -> placenta
Term
significant changes at birth
Definition
placenta is expelled, there is now a need to establish a pulmonary circuit
1) foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
2) ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum
3) ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosum
4) umbilical vein -> ligamentum teres
5) umbilical arteries -> medial umbilical ligaments
* ALL ARTERIES ATROPHY & GIVE RISE TO LIGAMENTS AT BIRTH
Supporting users have an ad free experience!