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Cardiovascular System
Cards on the Cardiovascular System
31
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/13/2010

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Cards

Term
The Heart
Definition

- Center of the cardiovascular system

- Artieries carry blood away from the heart, which is generally oxygen rich (except for the pulmonary arteries)

- Veins carry blood towards the heart that is generally oxygen-poor (except for the pulmonary veins)

- Arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called the great vessels

Term
The Heart: Funciton
Definition

- Structure of the heart ensures the unidirectional flow of blood through both the heart and the blood vessels

- Backflow of blood is prevented by valves within the heart

- Divided into two independent, coordinated pumps

Term
Pulmonary Circulation
Definition
Directs blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Term
Systemic Circulation
Definition
- Directs blood to body tissues for nutrient delivery
Term
The Heart: Function
Definition

- Blood pressure develops through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation

- Minimum blood pressure is essential to push blood through blood vessels to the body tissues for nutrient and waste exchange

Term
The Heart: Anatomy Overview
Definition

- Fist-sized, conical organ; weighs ~250-350 grams

- Located left of the body midline

- Posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum

Term
The Heart: Anatomy Overview
Definition

- Rotated such that its right side or border (right atrium and ventricle) is located more anteriorly

- While its left side or border (left atrium and ventricle) is located more posteriorly

Term
The Heart: Anatomy Overview
Definition

- The base is the posterosuperior surface of the heart, formed primarily by the left atrium

- The pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium border this base

- The apex is the inferior, conical end

- It projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body

Term
The Heart: Anatomy Overview
Definition

- The heart sits in the mediastinum, wrapped up in its own protective sac

- PERI (around)+ CARDIUM (heart)

Term
Fibrous Pericardium
Definition
- Sac of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes the heart; attached to great vessels + diaphragm; prevents oerfilling of heart and excessive movement
Term
Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral)
Definition

- Parietal layer lines inside of fibrous pericardium

- Visceral layer directly covers outer surface of the heart

- Secretes fluid for lubricaiton

Term
Epicardium
Definition
Composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue/fat
Term
Myocardium
Definition
Cardiac muscle; thickest layer of the heart wall
Term
Endocardium
Definition
Endothelium (specialized simple squamous epithelial tissue) and areolar connective tissue
Term
External Anatomy of the Heart
Definition

- Heart composed of four hollow chambers

- Atria (R and L) are thin-walled chambers that are located superiorly; anterior part of each atrium is a wrinkled, flaplike extension called an auricle

- Right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and from heart tissue itself

- Left atrium receives blood from the bulmonary circuit

Term
External Anatomy of the Heart
Definition

- Blood that enters an atrium is passsed to the ventricle of the same side

- Ventricles are the inferior chambers

- Two large arteries, the pulmonary trunk and the aorta exit the heart at the basal surface

- The pulmonary trunk carries blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit

- Aorta conducts blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circuit

Term
Review Structures of the Heart (find picture in book)
Definition

- Pericardium (visceral)/epicardium

- Base

- Apex

- Superior Vena Cava

- Inferior Vena Cava

- Right Atrium

- Right Auricle

- Left Atrium

- Left Auricle

- Right Ventricle

- Left Ventricle

- Pulmonary Trunk

- Pulmonary Arteries

- Pulmonary Veins

- Aorta (and arch)

- Ligamentum Arteriosum

- Inter and Atrioventricular Sulci (Sulcus)

Term
Know Your ABCS
Definition

A is for Aortic Arch

B is for Brachiocephalic Trunk

C is for (left) common carotid artery

S is for (left) subclavian artery

Term
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Definition

- Atria are separated from each other by interatrial septum; ventricles by interventricular septum

- Within the septa is the fibrous skeleton of the heart (dense irregular connective tissue)

Term
Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
Definition

- Separates the atria and ventricles

- Anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings

- Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; ensures that muscle impulses are timed properly

- Provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue

Term
Right Atrium
Definition
- Receives venous blood from the systemic circuit and drainage from the heart muscle itself
Term
Three major vessels empty into the right atrium
Definition

- Superior Vena Cava drains blood from the head, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk

- Inferior Vena Cava drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk

- Coronary sinus drains blood from the heart wall

Term
Right A/V Valve (Tricuspid Valve)
Definition

- Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

- Has three triangular flaps

- Venous blood flows from the right atrium through the valve into the right ventricle

- Valve is forced closed when the right ventricle begins to contract, preventing blood backflow into the right atrium

Term
Right Ventricle
Definition

- Receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

- Internal surfaces of right and left ventricles have three cone-shaped, muscular projections called papillary muscles

- Papillary muscles anchor chordae tendineae

- Chordae attach to the cusp of the right AV valve and prevent eversion during contraciton

- Narrows at its superior end into a smooth-walled, conical region called the conus ateriosus

Term
Semilunar Valve and Pulmonary Trunk
Definition

- Pulmonary semilunar valve located between conus arteriosus and pulmonary trunk

- Composed of three thin, pocket-like cusps

- Blood is pumped into pulmonary trunk forces the valves open

- When ventricular contraction ceases, blood cannot backflow because it enters the pockets of the semilunar valve

- This causes the cusps to "inflate" and meet at the artery center, effectively blocking blood backflow

- Pulmonary trunk divides shortly into right and left pulmonary arteries; carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs

Term
Left Atrium and Left A/V Valve (bicuspid)
Definition

- Once gas exchange occurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

- Smooth posterior wall of the left atrium contains openings for four pulmonary veins

- Bicuspid (mitral) valve also anchored via chordae tendinae and papillary muscles to the wall of the left ventricle

- Oxygenated blood flows through the valve, from the left atrium to the left ventricle

- First you ride a TRIcycle, then you ride a BIcycle

Term
Left Ventricle and Aortic Semilunar Valve
Definition

- Largest of the four heart chambers with walls typically 3x thicker than in right ventricle

- Thick walls required to generate pressure to force oxygenated blood into the aorta and thorugh the entire systemic circuit

- Two large papillary muscles attach to the chordae tendineae help support the left AV valve

- At the superior end of the ventircular cavity, the aortic semilunar valve marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta

Term
Let's Review: Internal Structures
Definition

- Aortic (semilunar) valve

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

Tricuspid (AV) Valve

Bicuspid (Mitral or AV) Valve

Chordae Tendineae

Papillary muscles

Trabeculae carneae

Pectinate Muscles

Fossa Ovalis

Interatrial septum

Opening of coronary sinus

Interventricular septum

Myocardium

Endocardium 

Atrioventricular=AV

Term
Coronary Circulation
Definition

- Left and right coronary arteries originate superior to the aortic semilunar valve (openings are visible inside the aorta)

- Travel in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) of the heart to supply the heart wall

- Coronary circulation gives blood to the myocardium (epi and endo)

Term
Right Coronary Artery typically braches into the
Definition

- Marginal artery (supplies the right border of the heart)

- Posterior interventricular artery (supplies both the left and right ventricles)

 

Term
Left Coronary artery typically branches into the
Definition

- Anterior interventricular artery- also called the LAD=left anterior descending artery; supples the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

- Circumflex artery- supples the left atrium and ventricle; often anastomosis (union) between anterior and posterior interventricular

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