Term
| What are the two circuits that the blood flows from the heart? |
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Definition
1. Pulmonary-> Right ventricle-> Lung (for gas exchange(Body has to always be unloading CO2))-> Left Atrium
2. Systemic-> Left ventricle-> Everywhere (Every cell w/ nutrients)-> Right Atrium
Systemic Circuit even nourishes lung and heart tissue |
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Term
| Describe the base of the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Apex of the heart |
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Definition
More narrow and Inferior
Points toward the left |
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Term
| Where does 2/3 of the heart lie? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pericardium form? |
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Definition
| The pericardium forrms a sac around the heart |
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Term
| What is the parietal pericardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the visceral pericardium? |
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Definition
-Inner layer
-In contact with the heart
-Produces serous fluid |
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Term
| What is the pericardial cavity? |
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Definition
-Its a space located between parietal and visceral membrane.
-It produces pericardial fluid between layers and this reduces friction |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
-Inner layer of the heart wall
-Continuous with endothelium (inside of the heart that lines the vessel) of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
-Middle layer of the heart wall
-Cardiac muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-The outer layer ofthe heart wall
-Visceral pericardium |
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Term
(Blood supply to Myocardium?)
1. What does the Coronary Arteries do?
2. What do they branch off of?
3. Where does used blood collect and where does it empty into? |
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Definition
1. Supply heart tissue with blood
2. Branch off aorta immediately after aortic valve
3. Used blood collects in coronary sinus and empities into Right Atrium |
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Term
| What is Myocardial Infarction? |
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Definition
A heart attack which is an interruption of blood supply to heart tissue which is followed by nercrosis (death) of myocardium.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
When does blood flow to the heart tissue peak?
(Blood supply to myocardium step 1) |
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Definition
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Term
What does the cusps of aortic valve do during systole?
(Blood supply to the myocardium step 2) |
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Definition
| Cusps of aortic valve cover Coronary artery opeing during systole |
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Term
What are compressed during systole?
(Blood supply to myocardium step 3) |
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Definition
| Coronary arteries are compressed during systole |
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Term
What forces blood back into Coronary arteries?
(Blood supply to myocardium step 4) |
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Definition
| Elastic recoil (the heart has to contract after it expands) of aorta forces blood back into the Coronary Arteries opendings during diastole. |
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Term
| Does the heart spend more time in diastole or systole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Angina Perctoris? |
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Definition
| Ischemia (Lack of blood flow (O2)) to myocardium |
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Term
| What is the flow chart for Angina Pectoris? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic resp. --> Lactic acid --> pain/pressure feeling |
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Term
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Definition
The heart is Autorhythmic
-This means no nervous system input is required. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
How do cardiocytes (cardiac muscle cells) look?
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Definition
-Striated and branched
-Joined w/ others by intercalated discs |
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Term
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Definition
-Are used to resist stress of contraction
They are like sutoskeleton that connect to other sytoskelton
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Term
| What do Gap junctions allow? |
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Definition
Allow ion flow between cells
(Like tubes that allow action potential) |
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Term
| What are the two networks of the conduction system and what do they do? |
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Definition
Atrial and Ventricular
-Each acts in near unison like single cell |
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Term
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) Node, where is it located, and what does it do first?
(Step 1 of the Conduction System) |
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Definition
SA Node is a pacemaker
-Its in the Right Atrium
-Spontainious DEPOLARIZES FIRST |
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Term
What does SA not cause the atria to do?
(Step 2 of conduction System) |
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Definition
| Causes both atria to depolarize and contract |
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Term
Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) node located and describe what happens with it.
(Step 3 of the conduction System)
Why is there a slight delay? |
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Definition
-Located near Right AV valve
-Depolarizes in response to artial depolarization.
-There is a slight delay prior to AV depolarization to allow ventricles to fill with blood. |
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Term
Where does AV send waves of depolarization?
(Step 4 of the Conduction System)
Is the conduction fast or slow? |
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Definition
| AV sends wave of depolarization through RT and LT AV bundle branches to the apex of the ventricles. |
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Term
What do Purkinje fibers do?
(Step 5 in the Conduction System)
What happens due to arrangement of cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
Purkinji fivers carry the impulse from the end of the bundle braches superiorly to the cardiocytes of the ventricles.
Ventricular contraction from apex upward with a twisting motion do to arrangement of cardiac muscle. |
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Term
| Why is an inferior to superior contraction useful? Consider where the blood must exit the chambers/ |
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Definition
| Because the blood has to exit through the aorta. |
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Term
| What is a normal cardiac rhythm? |
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Definition
SA node rhythm= sinus rhythm (70-80 bpm)-the number of times sa depolarizes- (60-100 are within normal range)
normal AV node 70-80 bpm as well because SA controls AV. |
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Term
ectopic focus
(Cardiac Rhythm) |
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Definition
| Any other firing region (other than the SA node) |
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Term
What happens during Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
What kind of feeling does it give and why is it caused?
(Cardiac Rhythm) |
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Definition
| Ventricle depolarizes before the SA node. Gives an extrasystole (feeling of heart jumping/double beat/ flutter) cased by drugs/ stress/ lack of sleep... |
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Term
What is the most common ectopic focus?
When does it occur? |
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Definition
AV node= nodal rhythm which = 40-50 bpm
Occurs when SA node is damaged. |
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Term
What is any other ectopic focus cause?
What do you need to live?
What can cause this? |
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Definition
20-40 bpm
Its not survivable
Need artificial pacemaker
Can be caused by heart block (failure of any part of the conduction system- Action potential stops premmature) |
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Term
When does action potential occur?
(SA Node Physiology)
What is not stable?
What determines time to threshold and action potential? |
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Definition
Action potential ovvurs when threshold membrane potential is reached.
RMP is not sbale but always creeps toward threshold as NA+ leaks through the cell membrane.
Rate of NA+ leak determines time to threshold and action potential. |
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Term
| What are the stages of SA node physiology? |
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Definition
1. Slow Na= influx (leak)
2. Thresold reached
3. Ca++ amd Na+ channels opem (rapid depolarization=action potential)
4. K+ channels open (Ca++, Na+ close) repolarization
5. Repeat... |
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Term
What does a electrocardiogram (ECK or EKG) do?
Where are electrodes placed to record ECG? |
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Definition
Records heart electrical activity
Electrodes are placed on the wrist, ankles, and 6 places on the chest |
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Term
| What are the three principal deflections of an ECG and what do they do? |
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Definition
-P Wave= Atrial depolarization
-QRS complex= Ventricular depolarization and Atrial repolarization
-T Wave= Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| What happens if there are extra p waves? |
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Definition
| Heart block (not followed with ventricular wave) |
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Term
| What happens if there and no P Waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if there is and enlarged R? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they are very valuable for diagnosis of many heart problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| One complete contraction and relaxtion of all 4 heart chambers (high to low) |
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Term
| To understand the cardiac cycle what do we need to consider? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flood of fluid controled by? (in this case blood) |
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Definition
| Controlled by pressure and resistance |
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Term
| What is blood pressure measured with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flow occurs from high to low pressure (down a pressure gradient) |
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Term
| How do you get blood to go where you want it? |
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Definition
| The area must have lower pressure than where the blood currently in |
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Term
| How does one achieve lowering pressure to get it where you want it to go? |
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Definition
1. Increase the blood pressure where it is
2. Decrease the pressure in the area you want it to go |
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Term
| What kind of chamber is sytole and what does it do? |
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Definition
Contracting chamber
Inc. BP |
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Term
| What kind of chamber is diastole and what does it do? |
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Definition
Expanding (relaxing chamber)
Decreases BP |
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Term
| What are controlled by pressure in the heart chambers? |
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Definition
| Heart valve function and flow are controlled by pressure in the heart chamber |
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Term
What do systole and dystole normally refer to?
What is an example? |
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Definition
Systole and Diastole normally refer to ventricular systole and diastole.
(Systolic BP= arterial BP during ventricular systole) |
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Term
What happens during ventricular filling?
What happens when the atria is 2/3rds full?
What is EDV?
What stage is this in the Cardiac Cycle? |
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Definition
STAGE 1
During ventricular diastole, AV valves OPEN
Passive flow of blood into ventricles from RT and LT ATRIA.
When 2/3rds full the atria DEPOLARIZES/ CONTRACT FILLING the other 1/3.
EDV= End diastolic volume (volume of ventricle after diastole = 130 ml/ventricle |
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Term
| Why do both ventricles have to have equal amounts of ventricular filling? |
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Definition
| If they werent equal it would cause a back up (congestive heart failure) |
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Term
What is stage 2 of the Cardiac Cycle?
What repolarizes and depolarize?
What happens due to depolarization and what does this make? |
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Definition
Stage two is Isovolumetric contraction
Atria repolarizes/ relaxes
Ventricles depolarize/ contract
Due to the depolarization there is an increas in pressure= AV valves forced shut from blood pressure against them
The shutting of the AV valves in Heart sound 1 |
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Term
What is stage 3 on the Cardiac cycle?
What happens to ventricular pressure?
What does the semi-lunar valves do? |
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Definition
VENTRICULAR EJECTION
Ventricular pressure exceeds Aortic (80mm/hg) and P. Trunk (10mm/hg) pressuer against Semi-lunar valves.
Semi-lunar valves are forced open from blood pressure (120mm/hg from left ventricle and 25mm/hg from right) |
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Term
Stage three Ventricular ejection
What is the EDV=
What does the SV=
What is ESV?
Using ESV, what is left in each ventricle after contraction? |
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Definition
EDV= 130ml
SV (stroke volume)= 70ml (the amount ejected)
EDV-SV= ESV (End systolic volume) Basically what is left.
130-70= 60ml (left in each ventricle after contraction. |
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Term
What is stage 4?
What happens to the ventricle?
What have high pressure and why does it have high pressure?
What does this high pressure do and what does it make?
Why do AV valves open? |
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Definition
ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXTION
Ventricle repolarizes/ relaxes.
Aortic/ P. Trunk high pressure (Due to elastic recoil of artery walls)
The high pressure forces semilunar valves closed
The vavles closing makes heart sound 2
Av valves open because of low pressure in ventricles...repeat...
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Term
What is congestive heart failure?
What causes it?
What is the flow chart? |
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Definition
Insufficient ventricular ejection from either ventricle
Cause blood back up in systemic or pulmonary circuit and subsequent edema.
Lt. Ventricle -> pulmonary edema
Rt. Ventricle -> systemic edema |
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