Term
| What are the 3 main cavities in the trunk of an animal? |
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Definition
Thoracic
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| region of the body formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs It extends from the neck to the diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the pleural cavity? How many does an animal have? Where are they found |
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Definition
| Contains the lungs, there are two pleural cavities, located within the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| This organ contains the pericardial cavity trachea and esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the body would you find the mediastinum? |
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Definition
| In the interpleural space, between the pleural coverings of the right & left lungs |
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Term
| What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs are found within the abdominal cavity? |
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Definition
| Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen |
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Term
| What organs are found within the pelvic cavity? |
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Definition
| pelvis, bladder, reproductive organs, rectum |
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Term
| Describe the position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea |
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Definition
| Esophagus is dorsal to the trachea |
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Term
| What skeletal structure can you use as a point of reference to know where the thoracic cavity ends & abdominopelvic cavity begins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portions of the skeleton form the thoracic cavity? Why are they important |
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Definition
Sternum, ribs costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae
-protect vital organs |
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Term
| What organs are found in the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
| Trachea, esophagus, lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, lymph nodes |
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Term
| What membrane lines organs & structures of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does 'visceral' mean? |
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Definition
| pertaining to soft internal organs |
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Term
| Where is the perietal pleura located in the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the pleura? |
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Definition
| Contains fluid between the two layers, allowing frictionless movement of lungs during respiration |
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Term
| What are the lateral boundaries of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
| ribs & intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What are the components of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| heart, blood, blood vessels |
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Term
| What is the importance of blood? |
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Definition
transport of nutrients & waste
thermoregulation
immunity
acid-base balance |
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Term
True or False
Blood is a connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| This fluid suspends materials in a nonliving liquid matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 excretory sites to which blood transports materials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the heart located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What membrane surrounds the heart and what are its functions? |
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Definition
Pericardium
-limits motion of the heart
-prevents overexpansion
-reduces friction during heartbeats |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the pericardium? What is the function of the outer layer? |
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Definition
| Outer fibrous membrane (anchors heart) & inner serous membrane |
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Term
| What does pericardial fluid do? |
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Definition
| Reduces friction when the heart is beating |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the heart? |
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Definition
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium |
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Term
| Which layer of the heart wall is the true heart muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
-involuntary
-shorter
-mononucleated cells
-larger mitochondria in greater numbers
-autorhythmic contraction |
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Term
| What does autorhythmic contraction mean? |
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Definition
| one cardiac cell can stimulate the next |
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Term
| How many chambers are found within the heart? What are they? |
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Definition
4 Total
2 atria
2 ventricles |
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Term
| Describe the position of the atria & ventricles in relation to one another |
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Definition
Atria are anterior/superior to the ventricles
Ventricles are posterior to atria |
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Term
| What is the function of the atria? |
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Definition
| receive blood & pump it to ventricles |
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Term
| What separates the right & left atria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chambers pump blood away from the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the right & left ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the right & left ventricles carry blood? |
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Definition
Right: to lungs
Left: to other regions of body |
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Term
| Why are the atria thin walled? |
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Definition
| blood entering the atria is under low pressure, and will only be pumped to the ventricles |
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Term
| Where does the right atrium receive blood from? |
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Definition
superior & inferior vena cava
coronary sinus |
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Term
| Which vena cava brings blood from body regions in front of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vena cava brings blood from body regions behind the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inferior vena cava is ____ and ____ (adjectives of position) |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior vena cava is ______ and/or _____ (adjectives of position) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the coronary sinus? |
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Definition
| collects blood from myocardium |
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Term
| Through which valve does blood pass from the left atrium to left ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 3 classes of veins bring blood to the atria? |
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Definition
vena cava (RA)
coronary vein (RA)
pulmonary vein (LA) |
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Term
| Which veins bring blood to the left atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the right ventricle thinner than the left? |
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Definition
| blood is pumped via the pulmonary artery to the lungs, left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body (more difficult) |
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Term
| Which muscles serve as attachments for chordae tendineae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chordae tendineae? |
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Definition
| -attach to atrioventricular valves, assist in valve function |
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Term
| What color is deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood |
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Definition
| Right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to pulmonary capillaries to pulmonary vein |
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Term
| Describe the flow of oxygenated blood |
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Definition
| Pulmonary vein to left atrium to left ventricle, through aorta to systemic arteries to arterioles to capillaries |
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Term
| What type of blood is found in the systemic circuit? Pulmonary circuit? |
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Definition
Systemic: oxygenated
Pulmonary: deoygenated |
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Term
| Where does gas exchange occur to oxygenate blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is blood supplied to the myocardium? Describe the pathway in/out |
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Definition
Coronary circuit
Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood
Coronary veins collect venous blood from coronary sinus |
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Term
| What are the 5 major classes of blood vessels? |
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Definition
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins |
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Term
| What are the two atrioventricular valves and where is each located? |
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Definition
mitral (bicuspid) between LA & LV
tricuspid between RA & RV |
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Term
| When atriventricular valves are ______, blood flows from the atria to ventricules |
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Definition
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Term
| When the ventricles _______, pressure ______ pushing cusps towards _______, closing the atrioventricular valves |
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Definition
contract
increases
the atria |
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Term
| How is backflow of blood into the atria prevented? |
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Definition
| papillary muscles pull on chordae tendinae to prevent valve cusps from inverting |
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Term
| What is RVH? What is another term for it? |
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Definition
Right Ventricle Hypertrophy
-increase in size of the ventricle
-also known as ascites |
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Term
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Definition
-RV is thin walled, becomes distended when overworked, right ventricle dialates
-tricuspid valve fails, blood backflows into atria |
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Term
| What happens if blood backflows into the atria? |
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Definition
-RV fails
-liver becomes congested
-plasma leaks from liver into body cavity |
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Term
| Why is RVH more common at higher altitudes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which valves are found between the ventricles, pulmonary artery & aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the contraction period of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the 'relaxed' period of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is 'action potential'? |
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Definition
| electrical impulse generated by cardiac fibers to stimulate contraction |
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Term
| How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle in its conduction system? |
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Definition
cardiac fibers are AUTORHYTHMIC, can generate their own action potential
skeletal muscles rely on electrical impulse from the nervous system to contract |
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Term
| What is the name of the node that generates an electrical impulse to stimulate contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Upon contraction, blood flows from ventricles through the atrioventricular valves to the atria |
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Definition
False
Atria -> AV Valves -> Ventricles |
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Term
| What happens when the action potential reaches the atrioventriculaar node? Why is this important? |
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Definition
-AP is delayed by 0.1 sec
-allows systolic contraction of atria to complete before ventricles contract |
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Term
| Where does the action potential go after being delayed at the atrioventricular node? |
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Definition
| -travels through Bundles of His & Purkinje fibers |
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Term
| What does the Bundle of His do? |
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Definition
| Carries AP to the bottom of the ventricles |
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Term
| What do the Purkinje fibers do? |
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Definition
| Carry the AP from the Bundle of His to the ventricular myocardium |
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Term
True or False
The AV valves must be open for the atria to fill with blood |
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Definition
False
Both valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) must be closed |
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Term
| What is the function of acetyl choline and what component of the nervous system is it associated with? |
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Definition
-slows depolarization at the sinoatrial node to decrease heart rate
-Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the function of epinephrine and what components of the nervous system is it associated with? |
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Definition
-speeds up depolarization at the sinoatrial node to increase heart rate
-Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| How might you measure the electrical activity of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathway of blood through the heart |
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Definition
| superior & inferior vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, LA, LV, aorta |
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Term
| What is the 'lub' sound of the heart? |
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Definition
| closing of the AV valves as pressure in ventricles exceeds the pressure in the atria |
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Term
| What is the 'dup' sound of the heart? |
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Definition
| -SL valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole |
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Term
| Where is the SA node located? |
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Definition
| in the RA, near posterior vena cava |
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Term
| Does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Superior Vena Cava
2. Inferior Vena Cava
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
5. Right Ventricle
6. Pulmonary Artery
7. Pulmonary Vein
8. Left Atrium
9. Bicuspid Valve
10. Left Ventricle
11. Aorta |
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