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Cardiovascular System
cavities, heart, lungs, circulation
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 main cavities in the trunk of an animal?
Definition
Thoracic
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Term
What is the thorax?
Definition
region of the body formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs It extends from the neck to the diaphragm
Term
What is the pleural cavity? How many does an animal have? Where are they found
Definition
Contains the lungs, there are two pleural cavities, located within the thoracic cavity
Term
This organ contains the pericardial cavity trachea and esophagus
Definition
Mediastinum
Term
Where in the body would you find the mediastinum?
Definition
In the interpleural space, between the pleural coverings of the right & left lungs
Term
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
What organs are found within the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen
Term
What organs are found within the pelvic cavity?
Definition
pelvis, bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Term
Describe the position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea
Definition
Esophagus is dorsal to the trachea
Term
What skeletal structure can you use as a point of reference to know where the thoracic cavity ends & abdominopelvic cavity begins?
Definition
13th rib
Term
What portions of the skeleton form the thoracic cavity? Why are they important
Definition
Sternum, ribs costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae

-protect vital organs
Term
What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Trachea, esophagus, lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, lymph nodes
Term
What membrane lines organs & structures of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Pleura
Term
What does 'visceral' mean?
Definition
pertaining to soft internal organs
Term
Where is the perietal pleura located in the pleural cavity?
Definition
attached to chest wall
Term
What is the function of the pleura?
Definition
Contains fluid between the two layers, allowing frictionless movement of lungs during respiration
Term
What are the lateral boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
ribs & intercostal muscles
Term
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
heart, blood, blood vessels
Term
What is the importance of blood?
Definition
transport of nutrients & waste
thermoregulation
immunity
acid-base balance
Term
True or False

Blood is a connective tissue
Definition
True
Term
This fluid suspends materials in a nonliving liquid matrix
Definition
Blood
Term
What are the 3 excretory sites to which blood transports materials?
Definition
skin, lungs & kidneys
Term
Where is the heart located?
Definition
in the mediastinum
Term
What membrane surrounds the heart and what are its functions?
Definition
Pericardium

-limits motion of the heart
-prevents overexpansion
-reduces friction during heartbeats
Term
What are the two layers of the pericardium? What is the function of the outer layer?
Definition
Outer fibrous membrane (anchors heart) & inner serous membrane
Term
What does pericardial fluid do?
Definition
Reduces friction when the heart is beating
Term
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
Definition
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Term
Which layer of the heart wall is the true heart muscle
Definition
Myocardium
Term
How is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle?
Definition
-involuntary
-shorter
-mononucleated cells
-larger mitochondria in greater numbers
-autorhythmic contraction
Term
What does autorhythmic contraction mean?
Definition
one cardiac cell can stimulate the next
Term
How many chambers are found within the heart? What are they?
Definition
4 Total
2 atria
2 ventricles
Term
Describe the position of the atria & ventricles in relation to one another
Definition
Atria are anterior/superior to the ventricles
Ventricles are posterior to atria
Term
What is the function of the atria?
Definition
receive blood & pump it to ventricles
Term
What separates the right & left atria?
Definition
interatrial septum
Term
What chambers pump blood away from the heart?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What separates the right & left ventricles?
Definition
interventricular septum
Term
Where do the right & left ventricles carry blood?
Definition
Right: to lungs
Left: to other regions of body
Term
Why are the atria thin walled?
Definition
blood entering the atria is under low pressure, and will only be pumped to the ventricles
Term
Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
Definition
superior & inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
Term
Which vena cava brings blood from body regions in front of the diaphragm?
Definition
superior vena cava
Term
Which vena cava brings blood from body regions behind the diaphragm?
Definition
inferior vena cava
Term
The inferior vena cava is ____ and ____ (adjectives of position)
Definition
posterior & caudal
Term
The superior vena cava is ______ and/or _____ (adjectives of position)
Definition
anterior & cranial
Term
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
Definition
collects blood from myocardium
Term
Through which valve does blood pass from the left atrium to left ventricle?
Definition
bicuspid (mitral) valve
Term
Which 3 classes of veins bring blood to the atria?
Definition
vena cava (RA)
coronary vein (RA)
pulmonary vein (LA)
Term
Which veins bring blood to the left atrium?
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
Why is the right ventricle thinner than the left?
Definition
blood is pumped via the pulmonary artery to the lungs, left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body (more difficult)
Term
Which muscles serve as attachments for chordae tendineae?
Definition
papillary muscles
Term
What are chordae tendineae?
Definition
-attach to atrioventricular valves, assist in valve function
Term
What color is deoxygenated blood?
Definition
dark red or brown
Term
Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood
Definition
Right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to pulmonary capillaries to pulmonary vein
Term
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood
Definition
Pulmonary vein to left atrium to left ventricle, through aorta to systemic arteries to arterioles to capillaries
Term
What type of blood is found in the systemic circuit? Pulmonary circuit?
Definition
Systemic: oxygenated
Pulmonary: deoygenated
Term
Where does gas exchange occur to oxygenate blood?
Definition
pulmonary capillaries
Term
How is blood supplied to the myocardium? Describe the pathway in/out
Definition
Coronary circuit
Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood
Coronary veins collect venous blood from coronary sinus
Term
What are the 5 major classes of blood vessels?
Definition
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Term
What are the two atrioventricular valves and where is each located?
Definition
mitral (bicuspid) between LA & LV
tricuspid between RA & RV
Term
When atriventricular valves are ______, blood flows from the atria to ventricules
Definition
open
Term
When the ventricles _______, pressure ______ pushing cusps towards _______, closing the atrioventricular valves
Definition
contract
increases
the atria
Term
How is backflow of blood into the atria prevented?
Definition
papillary muscles pull on chordae tendinae to prevent valve cusps from inverting
Term
What is RVH? What is another term for it?
Definition
Right Ventricle Hypertrophy
-increase in size of the ventricle
-also known as ascites
Term
What causes ascites?
Definition
-RV is thin walled, becomes distended when overworked, right ventricle dialates
-tricuspid valve fails, blood backflows into atria
Term
What happens if blood backflows into the atria?
Definition
-RV fails
-liver becomes congested
-plasma leaks from liver into body cavity
Term
Why is RVH more common at higher altitudes?
Definition
low oxygen tension
Term
Which valves are found between the ventricles, pulmonary artery & aorta?
Definition
semilunar valves
Term
What is the term for the contraction period of the heart?
Definition
systole
Term
What is the term for the 'relaxed' period of the heart?
Definition
diastole
Term
What is 'action potential'?
Definition
electrical impulse generated by cardiac fibers to stimulate contraction
Term
How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle in its conduction system?
Definition
cardiac fibers are AUTORHYTHMIC, can generate their own action potential

skeletal muscles rely on electrical impulse from the nervous system to contract
Term
What is the name of the node that generates an electrical impulse to stimulate contraction?
Definition
Sinoatrial Node
Term
True or False

Upon contraction, blood flows from ventricles through the atrioventricular valves to the atria
Definition
False

Atria -> AV Valves -> Ventricles
Term
What happens when the action potential reaches the atrioventriculaar node? Why is this important?
Definition
-AP is delayed by 0.1 sec
-allows systolic contraction of atria to complete before ventricles contract
Term
Where does the action potential go after being delayed at the atrioventricular node?
Definition
-travels through Bundles of His & Purkinje fibers
Term
What does the Bundle of His do?
Definition
Carries AP to the bottom of the ventricles
Term
What do the Purkinje fibers do?
Definition
Carry the AP from the Bundle of His to the ventricular myocardium
Term
True or False

The AV valves must be open for the atria to fill with blood
Definition
False

Both valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) must be closed
Term
What is the function of acetyl choline and what component of the nervous system is it associated with?
Definition
-slows depolarization at the sinoatrial node to decrease heart rate
-Parasympathetic nervous system
Term
What is the function of epinephrine and what components of the nervous system is it associated with?
Definition
-speeds up depolarization at the sinoatrial node to increase heart rate
-Sympathetic nervous system
Term
How might you measure the electrical activity of the heart?
Definition
Electrocardiogram
Term
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart
Definition
superior & inferior vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, LA, LV, aorta
Term
What is the 'lub' sound of the heart?
Definition
closing of the AV valves as pressure in ventricles exceeds the pressure in the atria
Term
What is the 'dup' sound of the heart?
Definition
-SL valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Term
Where is the SA node located?
Definition
in the RA, near posterior vena cava
Term
Does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Definition
oxygenated blood
Term
[image]
Definition

1. Superior Vena Cava

2. Inferior Vena Cava

3. Right Atrium

4. Tricuspid Valve

5. Right Ventricle

6. Pulmonary Artery

7. Pulmonary Vein

8. Left Atrium

9. Bicuspid Valve

10. Left Ventricle

11. Aorta

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