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cardiovascular & respiratory
n/a
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/26/2009

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Cards

Term
3 layers of the heart
Definition
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Term
epicardium
Definition
serious inner layer of pericardium. visceral pericardium and epicardium are almost continuous
Term
myocardium
Definition
cardiac muscle. ventricle has thicker myocardium for pumping (left = thickest)
Term
endocardium
Definition
endothelias lining (inner most layer of heart)
Term
arteries
Definition
carry blood away from heart & carry oxygenated blood.
Term
pulmonary artery
Definition
carries deoxygenated blood. one branch goes into each lunch
Term
veins
Definition
carry blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood.
Term
pulmonary vein
Definition
carries oxygenated blood from lungs into heart.
Term
chordea tendinae
Definition
fibrous cords that attached to av valves.
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
left atroventricular valve.
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
right atrioventricular valve.
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
aortic valve, pulmonary valve
Term
outer layer of artery & vein
Definition
made up of collagen & elastic fibers
Term
middle layer of artery
Definition
made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Term
inner layer of artery & vein
Definition
endothelial lining
Term
middle layer of vein
Definition
contains smooth muscle and elastic fibres, but less than in arteries.
Term
capillaries
Definition
consists of only the inner tunic: endothelial lining
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
pumps blood from body to lungs for oxygenation
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
pumps blood to body to distribute oxygen and nutrients
Term
blood vessels
Definition
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Term
arteries
Definition
type of blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
Term
arterioles
Definition
small arteries
Term
capillaries
Definition
smallest blood vessels, one cell thick; permeable to oxygen, nutrients, waste
Term
venules
Definition
larger vessels returning blood
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single cardiac cycle.
Term
syn, stello
Definition
together, place
Term
dia, stello
Definition
apart, place/put
Term
SA node, sinoatrial node
Definition
pacemaker of the heart- specialized area of cardiac muscle cells that have the quality of automatically generating electrical impulses triggering repeated beating of heart.
Term
AV node, atrioventricular node
Definition
specialized group of cardiac muscle cells, serve as auxillary pacemakers, protect ventricles from beating too fast.
Term
bundle of his (av bundle)
Definition
travels down interventricular septum. slow conduction of action potentials. creates delay between atrial and ventricular contractions because you do not want them being relayed too quickly.
Term
purkinje fibers
Definition
dispersed network of fibers from the av bundles. carry action potentials into ventricular myocardium (apex - upwards)
Term
sinus bradycardia
Definition
arrythmia where SA node fails to function normally and heart beats slower
Term
tachycardia
Definition
arrythmia that causes the SA node fail to function normally, making the heart beat faster
Term
ectopic pacemakers
Definition
other pacemaker sites within the atria or ventricles that trigger depolarization. typically on a more superficial level
Term
cardiac output
Definition
the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle of the heart into its vessels/unit time(seconds)
Term
CO=heart rate x stroke volume
Definition
formula for cardiac ouput
Term
large dog-80bpm, small dog- 120bpm, horse- 30/40bpm, dairy cow-60/70bpm
Definition
general heart rates for large & small dog, horse and dairy cow
Term
regulates blood pressure
Definition
neural reflexes- arterial baroreceptor reflexes- changes in blood volume spark relay of messages to brainstem & reflex centers.
Term
regulates blood pressure
Definition
humoral agents- angiotensinogen (plasma protein from liver) promotes Renin, from the kidney, to produce angiotensin 1, which then an ACE (enzyme) converts it to angiotensin2, which acts on arteries to control blood pressure.
Term
regulates blood pressure
Definition
paracrine agents- LPS, lipopolysacaride
Term
parts (&sequence) of respiratory system)
Definition
nose (nasal cavity), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & bronchioles, alveoli
Term
respiration
Definition
gaseous exchange between an animal and its environment
Term
rhinarium
Definition
hairless pad of epidermis of the nose - thick layer of stratified squamos epithelium- heavily pigmented supplied with mucous & sweat glands
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
air-filled cavity within facial bones of skull - conduct air into respiratory system.
Term
pharynx
Definition
common passageway for food & air. 2 openings: dorsal nasopharynx, for respiratory AND ventral oropharynx for mouth & digestion
Term
larynx
Definition
regulates the flow of gases into the respiratory tract & prevents anything other than gases to enter.
Term
organ on phonation (larynx)
Definition
muscle contraction changes tension in ligaments, air moves past ligaments & causes vibration, which causes voice.
Term
cartilages of the hyoid apparatus
Definition
epiglottis (seals off entrance to larynx during swallowing), cricoid, thyroid and arytenoid
Term
intubation
Definition
requires the tube to be placed into the lower of the two openings in the throat
Term
trachea
Definition
passages to lungs formed by C shaped hyaline tracheal cartilages. then joined by annular ligaments. smooth muscles affect diameter.
Term
ruminants and pigs
Definition
have an extra tracheal bronchus, cranial to other bronchi and goes to right lung
Term
globlet cells
Definition
cells that make mucous
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
over production of mucous, like in ashmatic attack, due to allergens
Term
bronchioles
Definition
branch lungs that lacks cartilage because preparing for gaseous exchange. walls contain smooth muscle. dilate to enable greater volume of air
Term
alveoli
Definition
"grape bunches" of sacs. thin walled sacs surrounded by capillary networks. epithilial lining, thin to allow gaseous exchange.
Term
dead space
Definition
parts of alveoli that are not involved in gas exchange.
Term
pulmonary surfactant
Definition
most important factor in alveolar fluid. has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties that reduces surface tension, promotes stability, and makes expansion of alveoli easier.
Term
type 2 cells
Definition
cells that make surfactant
Term
parietal, visceral, mediastinal, diaphragmatic
Definition
4 pleura of lungs
Term
ventilation
Definition
moving air in and out of lungs
Term
inspiration
Definition
moving air into the lungs
Term
expiration
Definition
moving air out of the lungs
Term
intrapulmonic
Definition
in direct contact with atmosphere, and so under pressure of atmosphere
Term
intrapleural
Definition
under pressure of chest and diaphragm movement
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