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Cardio
J Clifford
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/31/2012

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Cards

Term
Depolarization of the heart is Cardiac Muscle Contraction/
Definition
rhythmic and
spontaneous
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/About 1% of cardiac cells have
Definition
automaticity—
(are self-excitable)
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/Gap junctions ensure the heart
Definition
contracts as a
unit
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/ absolute refractory period how Long
Definition
(250 ms)
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/Reversal of membrane potential from
Definition
–90 mV to +30 mV
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/ Depolarization wave in T tubules causes the SR
to release
Definition
Ca++
Term
Cardiac Muscle Contraction/ Ca2+ surge prolongs the
Definition
depolarization phase
(plateau)
Term
Structure of Blood Vessel Walls (in to out)
Definition
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Term
veins have ______, arteries do not.
Definition
valves
Term
Venules/about
Definition
Formed when capillary beds unite
• Very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into
tissues
• Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
Term
Veins/about
Definition
Formed when venules converge
• Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared
with corresponding arteries
• Blood pressure is lower than in arteries
• Called capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs);
contain up to 65% of the blood supply
Term
3 critical factors of circulation:
Definition
• Blood flow
• Blood pressure (BP)
• Resistance (peripheral resistance
Term
Blood flow =
Definition
Volume of blood flowing through
circulation in a given period
Term
Blood pressure (BP) =
Definition
Force exerted on the
wall of a blood vessel by the blood
Term
Resistance (peripheral resistance) =
Definition
Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters in flow
Term
Three important sources of resistance
Definition
• Blood viscosity
• Total blood vessel length
• Blood vessel diameter
Term
Resistance/ changes
Definition
Diameter of arterioles are the major
determinants of peripheral resistance
• Action is by vasoconstriction / vasodillitation
Term
Resistance: constants
Factors that remain relatively constant:
Definition
• Blood viscosity
• Blood vessel length
Term
Blood flow is inversely proportional to
Definition
peripheral resistance (R)
Term
Blood flow (F) is directly proportional to
Definition
the blood (hydrostatic) pressure gradient (DP)
Term
If R increases, blood flow ______
Definition
decreases: F = DP/R
Term
Arterial Blood Pressure Reflects two factors
Definition
• Elasticity (compliance or distensibility)
• Volume of blood forced into them at any time
Term
Systolic pressure:
Definition
pressure exerted during
ventricular contraction
Term
Diastolic pressure:
Definition
lowest level of arterial
pressure
Term
Pulse pressure =
Definition
difference between systolic
and diastolic pressure
Term
Mean arterial pressure (MAP):
Definition
pressure that
propels the blood to the tissues
Term
Right AV valve
Definition
tricuspid
Term
left AV valve
Definition
mitral (bicuspid)
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition
Aortic and Pulmonary
Term
Medulla Oblongata has a cluster of sympathetic neurons that....
Definition
oversee changes in blood vessel
diameter
Term
Adrenal medulla hormones norepinephrine (NE)and epinephrine cause...
Definition
generalized vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output
Term
Angiotensin II, generated by kidney release of renin, causes
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
Atrial natriuretic peptide causes blood volume and blood pressure to ______, causes generalized __________
Definition
decline
vasodilation
Term
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes intense
Definition
vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low BP
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