Term
| (rate/rhythm) control is the best tactic for small dogs with a-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (rate/rhythm) control is the best tactic for large bred dogs with lone a-fib |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (rate/rhythm) control is the best tactic for a-fib horses with exercise intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diltiazem is a _______ and can be used for (rate/rhythm) control in atrial fibrillation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amiodarone is a _______ and can be used for (rate/rhythm) control in atrial fibrillation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Combo of diltiazem and digoxin is a great combo to tx _______ in dogs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (rate/rhythm) control is the best tactic for old horses with valve disease and a-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is only used to cardiovert horses with a-fib and exercise intolerance- no other uses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (rate/rhythm) control is the best tactic for horses with a-fib and perform fine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three adverse effects associated with INCREASING quinidine |
|
Definition
| widening QRS, ataxia, upper resp tract stridor |
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|
Term
| Four main idiosyncratic effects of quinidine NOT assoc with increasing quinidine |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, hypotension, diarrhea, colic |
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|
Term
| Digoxin is often used in combo with quinidine because (2 reasons): |
|
Definition
| slow heart rate; improve contractility |
|
|
Term
| These three body systems increase vagal tone and therefore can cause a sinus (bradycardia/tachycardia) |
|
Definition
| CNS, GI, Respiratory; bradycardia |
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|
Term
| A bradycardic dog is given atropine with no increased HR. what kind of bradycardia is it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Second degree AV Block in a horse is usually due to |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| only curative means to manage bradycardias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if pacemaker not available for bradycardia tx, what kind of drug to try (though not as effective) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abc= HR,Contractility,Preload
d= Afterload |
|
|
Term
| Increased afterload (increases/decreases) stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a very common cause of increased afterload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This kind of myocardial remodeling is in response to increased preload and dilatation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This kind of myocardial remodeling is in response to increased pressure ( afterload) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This kind of myocardial remodeling result in a thicker muscle wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dogs/Cats get pleural effusion as a result of right sided HF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dogs/Cats get ascites as a result of right sided HF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six causes of Heart Failure |
|
Definition
| Pressure overload, Volume overload, Pump failure, Arrhythmias, Myocardial restriction, High output state |
|
|
Term
| What system function needs to be checked in an old dog before given digoxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is contractility affected by preload or afterload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure is always (low/high) in a heart failure patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic size is usually ( low/high) in a heart failure patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myocardial restriction is one of the six causes of heart failure. It is when there is a restriction to ventricular filling. Is this a systolic or diastolic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCM in cats is a systolic or diastolic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aortic regurg is a form of heart failure due to increased (preload/afterload) and is (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subaortic stenosis is a form of heart failure due to increased (preload/afterload) and is (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic nervous system tries to compensate in face of low CO- what receptors are the targets in the heart and where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic compensation of low CO affects two aspects of the CO which are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Past how many times faster the normal HR does an increased rate become detrimental? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cats with murmurs and dyspnic dogs, you can test for this product in the blood to confirm congestive heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who's more likely to have an audible murmur associated with heart failure- dog or cat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a cat, you might hear pulmonary crackles with left or right Heart Failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a dog, you might hear pulmonary crackles with left or right Heart Failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sign for left OR right heart failure in a cat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You will do this with all animals in left heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats the most common group of drugs used to decrease systemic hypertension in a CHF dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a beta blocker that can be used for dogs with tachycardia and A-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a CCB that can be used for dogs with tachycardia and A-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name go to mainetenance KCB that can be used for SVT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you think you may need to administer amiodarone IV, you need to administer this prior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common but completely reversible side effect of oral Amiodarone you need to watch out for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug should you never administer to a heart failure patient with concurrent kidney failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a sinus tachycardia, you want to tx underlying disease causing it, but for immediate treatment you can use this drug group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the only NCB you can use for SVTs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sinus arrhythmias are ______ in origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sinus tachycardias are _____ in origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a tachycardia has a ramp up and a ramp down phase it is more likely: (Sinus, SVT, VT) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SVTs and sinus tachycardias can look pretty similar on ECG however, how would you dx an SVT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common species for an SVT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the more common SVT: Atrial or Junctional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tachycardia can be due to extracardiac disease like GDV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species is most likely to have underlying structural heart disease associated to their VT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three aspects of a VT that put it at high risk for developing into V-fib |
|
Definition
| High HR, Polymorphic QRS, R's overlap T's |
|
|
Term
| You have an ectopic tachycardia with an inverted T-wave- is it an SVT or VT? |
|
Definition
| Can't tell need more info |
|
|
Term
| You have an irregular SVT in a dog, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might you not want to use a beta blocker as primary long term therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Go to maintenance anti-arrhythmic drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be an option for a really recalcitrant atrial tach in which you really want to extend pups life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absent in an a-fib ECG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common structural cause of a-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a main pharmacologic cardioversion drug fpr lone a-fib dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is sick sinus syndrome usually associated with underlying heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physiological state may cause atrial standstill? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bradycardia with no atrial activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is type I or type II secondary AV block more likely to be due to underlying structural disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of P waves, irregular rhythm, normal QRS, tachycardia, fib waves- in a dog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of P waves, irregular rhythm, normal QRS, fib waves- in a horse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absolute chaos irregular rhythm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No p waves or QRS for greater than two diastolic intervals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no p-waves, just QRS complexes with tall peaked T waves, regular bradycardia |
|
Definition
| Atrial Standstill due to hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
| Regular bradycardia with longer than normal P-R interval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regular bradycardia with increasing P-R intervals and subsequent no associated QRS |
|
Definition
| Second Degree AV Block Type I |
|
|
Term
| Regular bradycardia with consistent P-R intervals and subsequent no associated QRS |
|
Definition
| Second Degree AV Block Type II |
|
|
Term
| lot of p-waves without QRS interval but all QRS have assoc p-wave with consistent P_R interval |
|
Definition
| Second Degree AV Block Type II |
|
|
Term
| lot of p-waves without QRS interval and QRS's not all associated with p waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis refer to problems specifically with the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle is the primary lesion for HCM however, this can be a secondary compensatory hypertrophy to other disease. Name a cardiovascular problem that can cause this: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genetic mutation of focus for Maine coons and HCM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The A31P mutation specifically does what to ultimately predispose to HCM? |
|
Definition
| Dysfunction in contractile proteins causing wall stress |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific reason HCM cats are predisposed to thromboembolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more likely in an HCM cat: Thromboembolism or Heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SAM is the situation where remodeling of the left ventricle has caused regurg of _____ valve and obstruction to outflow of _____ valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An old small dog has a murmur: |
|
Definition
| Degenerative valve disease |
|
|
Term
| What's more diagnostic for HCM in cat: Gallop rhythm pr Murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Test for this in a dyspneic patient to distinguish between heart failure and pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an HCM cat on echo you will see LV thickening ( unless end stage) +/- two other things which are: |
|
Definition
| LA Dilation; Thrombus "smoke" |
|
|
Term
| This diuretic may help HCM cats by slowing cardiac remodeling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug GROUP may help slow cardiac remodeling at least in humans. They are also goto maintenance drugs for Heart failure patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do you want to be careful with fluids for a saddle TE cat? |
|
Definition
| They may have concurrent heart failure |
|
|
Term
| When might you use Pimobendan in an HCM cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a main prognostic indicator for an HCM cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which species is HCM caused by SAM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which species is SAM caused by HCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endomyocarditis is seen primarily in (Young/Old) (Dogs/Cats) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocardial Fibrosis is seen primarily in (Young/Old) (Dogs/Cats) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM) seen in cats |
|
Definition
| Endomyocarditis; Endocardial fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to present initially with clinical signs because less likely to have abnormal auscultation. HCM or RCM cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has a worse prognosis? HCM or RCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats don't really get DCM anymore b/c food is well supplemented with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DCM dogs, they initially have myocardial failure which leads to decreased _____ and subsequent dilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a more common disease- DCM or Deg valve disease |
|
Definition
| Degenerative valve disease |
|
|
Term
| DCM is almost always secondary in this species: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This nutrient should be supplemented in the diet of a DCM dog along with taurine- just incase it is deficient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ can manifest secondarily to LV dilation in DCM dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might you hear a soft systolic murmur in a DCM dog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a really good tool for Dx and Management of DCM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A holter monitor can be used to try to dx subclinical DCM. It is specifically to pick up : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you get DCM in an animal you don't suspect, you should measure plasma Taurine. This includes cats and specifically this breed of dog: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These two drugs are great to delay clinical signs of DCM in dogs |
|
Definition
| Pimobendan; Benazapril (or other ACE inh) |
|
|
Term
| You need to "throw the book" at the DCM dog when they go into heart failure. Name 6 drugs that should be on your list to consider. |
|
Definition
| Furosemide, Pimobendan, ACE inh, Digoxin, Sironolactone, Taurine/Carnitine |
|
|
Term
| So have acute heart failure in a DCM dog. To address heart failure you do these two things: _____&_____. You can also address contractility by givingPimobendan +/- this other positive ionotrope IV |
|
Definition
| Oxygen Cage + Furosemide; IV Dobutamine |
|
|
Term
| Classic combo pair of drugs to treat acute heart failure in rapid A-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best orally available antiarrhythmic drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
| Deletion in the ____gene is associated with ARVC or Boxer Cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium |
|
Definition
| ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
| Some ARVC dogs may progress to right sided heart failure. What structural change is needed for that to happen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
| What is usually seen on echo with ARVC dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TX chronic management ARVC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation for dystrophin gene can cause this: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme can you measure in blood to dx a myocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common tx for myocarditis with unk etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An irregular rhythm. Normal QRS, normal p-r interval, p waves get smaller with longer r-r intervals |
|
Definition
| Sinus arrhythmia w/ "wandering pacemaker" |
|
|
Term
| APCs are often associated with structural changes an in most cases specifically: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Splenic disease in a dog may cause a(n) (APV or VPC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dog comes in with a regular sustained HR of 260 bpm most likely : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VT's are usually regular/irregular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SVT's are usually regular/irregular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species most likely to have an associated structural problem with a VT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group of drugs are used mainly for sinus tachycardias. Can be used for SVTs and VTs but NOT first choice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digoxin is a great rate control drug for a-fib. However, if you see this:_________ on an ECG, you shouldn't use dig cause it might make things worse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most sensitive test for heart failure. Clients can measure this at home |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When this electrolyte is low it might potentiate digoxin and cause digitoxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tool is a necessity for a dog coming in coughing or other respiratory signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male cows post partum are more prone to this cardiac disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Really obese dogs coming in with heart failure signs could just have this: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the number one clinical sign of heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which comes first in left sided heart failure- coughing or dyspnea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal sleeping resp rate for dogs/cats is less than ___ bpm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dog comes in coughing... it is most likely a ________problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of night time behavior is indicative of dyspnea in a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase should be longer and more laborious when the problem is in lower airways (exp or ins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase should be longer and more laborious when the problem is in upper airways (exp or ins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A jugular pulse in a normal animal should not go more than ___ up the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of split second heart sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Split first heart sounds if pathologic could be due to these two electrical abnormalities: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Third heart sound is (low/high) pitched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Third heart sound might mean (atrium/ventricle) is big |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First heart sounds might mean (atrium/ventricle) is big |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you hear a gallop rhythm- it means there is alonside normal heart sounds either an S____ or S_____ heart sound |
|
Definition
|
|
