Term
| compensatory mechanisms of cardiac system |
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Definition
. Increasing the heart rate. Increasing the rate of contraction increases cardiac output up to the point at which the rate is so fast that there is inadequate time for ventricular filling.
2. Increasing the stroke volume. Up to a point, an increased force of contraction results in an increase in the amount of blood that is pumped.
3. Increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle.
4. Cardiac remodeling. The heart is composed of muscle that responds to work by increasing its size and becoming stronger. This change usually precedes the development of heart failure signs by months or years. |
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Term
| objectives of CV treatment |
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Definition
Control rhythm disturbances
maintain or decrease cardiac output
•Relieve fluid accumulations
Increase the oxygenation of the blood
Ancillary treatment
•Narcotics/sedatives
•Oxygen |
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Term
| use of drugs that improve the strength of contraction is that the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| effects of cardiac glycosides |
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Definition
| Effects: (1) improved cardiac contractility, (2) decreased heart rate, (3) antiarrhythmic effects, and (4) decreased signs of dyspnea. |
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Term
| categories of antiarrhythmic drugs |
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Definition
1.Class IA includes quinidine, procainamide, and others.
Class IB includes lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine.
Class IC includes flecainide and encainide.
2.Class II includes the beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol).
3.Class III includes bretylium and amiodarone.
4.Class IV includes the calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine, and diltiazem). |
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Term
| cardiac dz that respond to drugs |
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Definition
valvular
arrhythmias
myocardial
congenital |
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Term
| stage I signs and treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| stage II signs and treatment |
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Definition
cough
treat: restrict sodium, diuretic, bronchodilator |
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Term
| stage III signs and treatment |
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Definition
cough, reduced exercise tolerance
treat: sodium restriction, digitalis, diuretic, vasodilators |
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Term
| stage IV and and treatment |
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Definition
dyspnea at rest
treat: oxygen, diuretics, sedation, vasodilators, other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cardiac glycoside category |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| positive ionotropic drug classes |
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Definition
cardiac glycosides (digitalis)
catecholamines (epinephrine) |
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Term
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Definition
glycosides (digitalis)
catecholamines (epinephrine)
antiarrhythmic (6 classes)
beta adrenergic blockers (propranolol)
vasodilators
diuretics (furosemide) |
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Term
| antiarrythmic drug categories and example |
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Definition
Class IA includes quinidine, procainamide, and others.
Class IB includes lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine.
Class IC includes flecainide and encainide.
2.Class II includes the beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol).
3.Class III includes bretylium and amiodarone.
4.Class IV includes the calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine, and diltiazem). |
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Term
| antiarrythmic drug categories and example |
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Definition
Class IA includes quinidine, procainamide, and others.
Class IB includes lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine.
Class IC includes flecainide and encainide. not used in vet med
2.Class II includes the beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol).
3.Class III includes bretylium and amiodarone. not used in vetmed
4.Class IV includes the calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine, and diltiazem). |
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Term
| adverse effects of antiarrythmic drugs |
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Definition
| Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and laminitis (horses), hypotension, drowsiness, depression, ataxia, and muscle tremors, bradycardia, syncope, worsening of heart failure, lethargy, bronchospasm, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and depression |
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Term
| how do vasodilators work? |
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Definition
| Vasodilator drugs act by dilating arteries (arteriolar dilator), veins (venodilator), or both (combined vasodilator). Dilatory activity may be brought about by direct action on vessel smooth muscle, through blockage of sympathetic stimulation, or by preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Dilation of constricted arteries tends to decrease the afterload and improve cardiac output. The preload is also reduced because of pooling of blood in dilated veins. |
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Term
| adverse effects of vasodilators |
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Definition
hypotension
syncope
vomiting
diarrhea
sodium and water retention
tachycardia |
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Term
| how do ace inhibitiors work? |
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Definition
| prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by inhibiting ACE. They are combined vasodilators that produce mild preload and significant afterload reduction. |
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Term
| adverse effects of ace inhibitiors |
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Definition
hypotension
azotemia
vomiting
diarrhea
hyperkalemia
others |
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Term
| adverse effects of diuretics |
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Definition
low blood potassium (hypokalemia)
dehydration
low blood sodium (hyponatremia)
ototoxicity (cats)
weakness
shock. |
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Term
| why do we restrict sodium in diets? |
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Definition
| increased sodium levels in the body lead to water retention, increased plasma volume, and exacerbation of the clinical signs of heart failure. |
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Term
| ancillary treatments in heart dz |
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Definition
bronchodilator
oxygen
aspirin
sedation
thoracentesis or abdominocentesis |
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Term
| The resistance (pressure) in arteries that must be overcome to empty blood from the ventricle. |
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Definition
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Term
| A variation from the normal rhythm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of cardiac muscle to generate impulses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bradycardia associated with an irregularity of heart rhythm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Change in the size, shape, structure, and physiology of the heart due to damage to the myocardium |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutralizing of the polarity of a cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions. results in contraction of the cardiac cell and renders it incapable of further contraction until repolarization occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria. PVCs arise from an irritable focus or foci in the ventricles. |
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Definition
| premature ventricular contraction |
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Term
| The return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in normal heart rhythm. |
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Definition
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Term
| kidneys react to the lowered blood pressure, which causes the release of aldosterone. The aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and retain sodium (salt), which helps to raise blood pressure. In the short term, the absorbed water and sodium are helpful. But in the long term, the ailing heart now has to deal with pumping more fluid (from the reninangiotensin system) into smaller blood vessels (which have greater resistance). The compensatory mechanisms have now added more work for an already overburdened heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| arteriolar dilator that acts directly on smooth muscle in the arterial wall. Sometimes a diuretic is used with it, because it may activate the renin-angiotensin system and cause water retention. |
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Definition
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Term
| venodilator that reduces preload to the |
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Definition
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Term
| combined dilator that acts by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptor sites. The venodilation reduces preload and the arteriolar dilation reduces afterload. Side effects include hypotension, vomiting, and diarrhea. |
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Definition
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Term
| are combined vasodilators that act by blocking the renin-angiotensin system and are often used concurrently with digoxin and lasix |
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Definition
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