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Canine A&P for SAMP boards
100 and 200 level anatomy and phsiology knowledge from NWSAM
212
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/26/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Masseter

Definition

O: zygomatic arch of maxilla
I: ramus of the mandible
A: bilateral elevation of jaw & unilateral side to side movement of jaw
PT: lays over expanse of cheeks - use gentle pressure when palpating

Term

Frontalis

Definition

I: Surface and borders of frontal bone
O: surface and borders of frontal bone
A: ear and scalp movements
PT: over frontal bones between ears, above eye.  often involved in headaches and jaw pain.  responsible fir many facial expressions and communication.

Term
Brachiocephalicus
Definition
O: Mastoid process of the temporal bone, occiput, and nuchal ligament
I: crest of the humerus
A: draws foreleg forward during leg extension, bilateral neck flexion, unilateral lateral flexion.
PT: Palpate mastoid process behind and below ear, follow bony protrusion of wing of atlas. Follow this ventral border down the curvature of the spine to point of shoulder. Muscle changes fiber direction and extends alive the anterior of the shoulder to the humerus.
Term

Sternocephalicus

Definition

O: the occiput and the mastoid process
I: the manubrium of the sternum
A: bilateral flexion of the neck (chin to chest) & unilateral lateral flexion
PT: trace back edge of lower jaw.  dorsal border will rest just below the ventral border of the brachiocephalicus.

Term

Omotransversarius

Definition

O: wing of the Atlas
I: distal spine of the scapula
A: bilateral flexion of the neck.  unilateral lateral flexion and draws scapula forward
PT: belly smaller than brachiocephalicus but adjacent. trace upper edge of jugular grove from C2 to lower end of the scapula

Term

Trapezius

Definition

O: Nuchal ligament (C2-C7) & spinous processes of T1-T8
I: Anterior and posterior spine of scapula
A: elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
PT: like a cape over the withers. find spine of the scapula and trace distally to acromium process. to palpate cervical portion, place fingers under ventral border and move diagonally along the border to the crest of the neck. to palpate the thoracic portion, from acromium process move toward the spine just behind the wither.

Term

Rhomboid

Definition

O: Nuchal ligament and spinal processes of C2, supraspinous ligament, and the spinous processes of T1-T7
I:the medial aspect of the scapula cartilage
A: elevation of the scapula, bilateral extention of the head and neck, unilateral flexion of the head and neck
PT: may be palpated near the poll in some dogs. feel along crest from C3 to the wither. can again be felt between the long spinous process of the first few thoracic vertebra and the scapula.

Term

Serratus

Definition

O: transverse process of C2-T8 & lateral surfaces of the first seven ribs
I: Subscapular fossa (upper 3rd of the costal surface)
A: cervical portion draws scapula forward when neck fixed & extends lower neck when scapula is fixed (serratus cervicalus); thoracic portion draws scapula backward when trunk is fixed,sports trunk when scapula fixed (serratus thoracis). Both portions aid respiration by nature of their rib attachments.
PT: thoracic portion is a bulge behind the shoulder. may soar as a bunch of bananas.  cervical portion drop to trapezius and brachiocephalicus at level of splenius. some oblique fibres can be felt at juncture of these three muscles.

Term
Pectorals
Definition
O: Sternum, I: Medial shaft of the humerus, A: Forelimb adduction, PT: Between legs both anterior (superficial pectoral) in the chest area and directly along the belly (deep pectoral). Feel attachments along sternum and follow border from caudal sternum out to inside of the humerus
Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
O: Teres major tuberosity, I: Thoracolumbar fascia and spinous processes T7-L6, A: Flexion and internal rotation of the shoulder and retraction of the scapula, PT: Distal attachment deep to tricep
Term
Triceps Brachii
Definition
O: Caudal border of the scapula, I: Olecranon process of the ulna, A: Flexion of the shoulder and extension of the elbow, PT: Superficial
Term
Supraspinatus
Definition
O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula, I: Greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, A: Extension and internal rotation of the shoulder, PT: Deep to Trapezius and Brachiocephalicus
Term
Infraspinatus
Definition
O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula, I: Lateral tuberosity of the humerus, A:flexion, abduction and external rotation of the shoulder, PT: Deep to trapezoid and deltoid with fibers running in the same direction as the deltoid
Term
Intercostals
Definition
O: Caudal border of each rib, I: Cranial border of the next rib, A: respiration, PT: Run fingers between ribs from spine to sternum with slow gentle pressure.
Term
Rectus Abdominus
Definition
O: Sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 4-9, I: Cranial & ventral rim of the pubic bone, A: Trunk support, initiates flexion of the back, protects the internal organs, PT: Starting at the posterior attachment of the caudal deep pectoral and the midline of the beely, you can trace this muscle on either side of the midline
Term
Biceps brachii
Definition
O: Superglenoid tubercle of the scapula, I: Radial tuberosity, A: Flexion of elbow and extension of shoulder, PT: With one hand on front of leg and other on shoulder
Term
Obliques (external)
Definition
O: Lateral aspect of ribs 6-13, I: Fascia of the midline and groin (prepubic tendon, coxal tuber, inguinal ligament), A: Visceral support, lateral flexion of the trunk, assists in protraction of the hindlimb, PT: Superficial, can be felt across the expanse of the belly from mid-rib cage to groin with fiber direction oblique cranial to caudal.
Term
Deltoid
Definition
O: Posterior scapular spine and acromion process of the scapula, I: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus, A: Flexion, External rotation and abduction of the shoulder, PT: Deltoid superficial and fibers up and down
Term
Longissimus Dorsi
Definition
O: Transverse processed from C7-L6, I: Sacral ridge and upper ilium, A, Extension of the spine, lateral flexion of the spine, and stabilization of the spine, PT: Longest muscle in the body – Cervical portion deep to scapula so difficult to palpate – muscle rests in laminar groove and is fairly narrow at the level of the wither, thickens in the lumbar region, then broadens and thins as the fibers intersperse into the gluteal fascia.
Term
Brachi
Definition
Term
(root) Pertaining to the arm, e.g. Biceps brachii, brachiocephalicus
Definition
Term
Cephal
Definition
Term
(root) Pertaining to the head, e.g. Brachiocephalicus
Definition
Term
Cost
Definition
Term
Pinna
Definition
Term
Throatlatch
Definition
Term
Commissure of lips
Definition
Term
Flew
Definition
Term
Nose
Definition
Term
Muzzle
Definition
Term
Foreface
Definition
Term
Stop
Definition
Term
Crown Metacarpus (pastern) Thigh
Definition
Term
Neck
Definition
Term
Thorax
Definition
Term
Withers
Definition
Term
Loin
Definition
Term
Shoulder
Definition
Term
Abdomen
Definition
Term
Point of shoulder
Definition
Term
Flank
Definition
Term
Chest
Definition
Term
Point of hip
Definition
Term
Arm
Definition
Term
Croup (rump)
Definition
Term
Elbow
Definition
Term
Set of tail
Definition
Term
Carpus (wrist) Buttock
Definition
Term
Buttock
Definition
Term
Metacarpus (pastern)
Definition
Term
Thigh
Definition
Term
Occiput
Definition
Term
Crest
Definition
Term
Tarsus (hock)
Definition
Term
Digits (toes 1-5)
Definition
Term
Stifle (knee)
Definition
Term
Back
Definition
Term
Leg
Definition
Term
Brachi
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the arm, e.g. Biceps brachii, brachiocephalicus
Term
Cephal
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the head, e.g. Brachiocephalicus
Term
Cost
Definition
root) Pertaining to the ribs, e.g. Costovertebral joint
Term
Humer
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the shoulder, e.g. Humerus
Term
Lat
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the side, e.g. Bilateral
Term
Omo
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the shoulder, e.g. Omotransversarius
Term
Pelv
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the hip bone, e.g. Pelvis, pelvic
Term
Thora
Definition
(root) Pertaining to the chest, e.g. Thorax
Term
Ab
Definition
(prefix) Away from, e.g. Abduction, abnormal,
Term
Ad
Definition
(prefix) To, toward, e.g. Adduction, adjunct
Term
Bi
Definition
(prefix) Two, double, e.g. Bilateral, bicycl
Term
Infra
Definition
(prefix) Below, e.g. Infraspinatus, infrastructure
Term
Pre/pro
Definition
(prefix) Before, in front, e.g. Proceed
Term
Quad
Definition
(prefix) Four, e.g. Quadriceps, quadruped,
Term
Super/supra
Definition
(prefix) Above, e.g. Supraspinous
Term
Sym/syn
Definition
(prefix) With, together, e.g. Synthesis, symphysis
Term
Tri
Definition
(prefix) Three, e.g. Triceps, tricycle
Term
Uni
Definition
(prefix) One, single, e.g. Unilateral, unicycle
Term
Caudal
Definition
Toward the tail (also: Posterior)
Term
Cranial
Definition
Toward the head (also: Anterior)
Term
Deep
Definition
Toward the core Into the body from any direction
Term
Distal
Definition
Used with limbs; further from body/core; Think
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Toward the back, top, sky, e.g. Dorsal fin of the dolphin
Term
Lateral
Definition
Toward the side, Latus = flank
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward the midline, Think
Term
Proximal
Definition
Used with limbs; closer to body/core Think
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward the surface In any direction from body
Term
Unilateral
Definition
Toward one side
Term
Ventral
Definition
Toward the belly, bottom, ground
Term
Dorsal Plane or Frontal Plane
Definition
Divides the body into upper and lower sections
Term
Transverse or Coronal Plane
Definition
Divides the body into forward and rearward sections
Term
Median Plane
Definition
Divides the body into left and right halves (medius = middle)
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
Divides the body into left and right sections, but not into equal halves (sagitta = arrow)
Term
Arch
Definition
M: arc, EX: inguinal arch
Term
Condyle
Definition
M: knuckle, EX: lateral femoral condyle
Term
Crest
Definition
M: prominent ridge, EX: crest of the ilium
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
M: above the knuckle, EX: medial epicondyle
Term
Fossa
Definition
M: bowl, EX: supraspinous fossa
Term
Glenoid
Definition
M: cup shaped, EX: supraglenoid fossa
Term
Process
Definition
M: projection, EX: spinous process
Term
Spine
Definition
M: ridge, EX: spine of the scapula
Term
Trochanter
Definition
M: large process EX: greater trochanter
Term
Tuber
Definition
M: root or bulb, EX: tuber coxae
Term
Tubercle
Definition
M: small round bump, EX: lesser tubercle of the humerus
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
M: large round bump, EX: radial tuberosity
Term
Zygomatic Arch
Definition
L: Ventral to the eye on the lateral aspect of the skull, Mm: Masseter
Term
Ramus of the Mandible
Definition
L: Caudal portion of the lower jaw from the corner across the fossa to the coronoid process, Mm: Masseter
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
L: From the ears and eyes to the midline of the skull, Mm: Frontalis
Term
Mastoid Process
Definition
L: Caudal to the ramus of the mandible andmedial on the temporal bone of the skull, Mm: Brachiocephalicus, Sternocephalicus
Term
Occiput
Definition
L: Along the edge of the occipital bone where the skull and the first cervical vertebrae articulate, Mm: Brachiocephalicus
Term
Cranial Border of the Scapula
Definition
L: Along the cranial edge or anterior of the scapula, Mm: N/A
Term
Caudal Border of the Scapula
Definition
L: Along the caudal edge or posterior of the scapula Mm: Deltoid
Term
Subscapular Fossa
Definition
L: On the medial surface of the scapula between the scapula and the ribs, Mm: Rhomboid, Serratus ventralis
Term
Supraglenoid Tubercle
Definition
L: On the cranial distal edge of the scapula just proximal to the shoulder joint, Mm: Bicep brachii
Term
Supraspinous Fossa
Definition
L: On the cranial half of the scapula from, the cranial border to the spine of the scapula, Mm: Supraspinatus
Term
Spine of the Scapula
Definition
L: A ridge that bisects the scapula longitudinally (top to bottom), Mm: Trapezius
Term
Acromion Process
Definition
L: The round projection at the most distal aspect of the spine of the scapula, Mm: Deltoid
Term
Infraspinous Fossa
Definition
L: On the caudal half of the scapula from the posterior border to the spine, Mm: Infraspinatus
Term
Greater Tubercle
Definition
L: Small rounded projection on the anterior head of the humerus, Mm: Supraspinatus
Term
Lesser Tubercle
Definition
L: Small rounded projection on the medial head of the humerus, Mm: Supraspinatus
Term
Deltoid Tuberosity
Definition
L: Prominent ridge along the anterior humerus distal to the greater tubercle, Mm: Deltoid
Term
Teres Major Tuberosity
Definition
L: In the posterior and medial surface of the proximal humerus, distal to the lesser tubercle, Mm: Latissimus dorsi
Term
Lateral Tuberosity
Definition
L: Above the condyle (knuckle) on the lateral surface of the humerus at the level of the shoulder joint, Mm: N/A
Term
Crest of the Humerus
Definition
L: On the proximal third of the anterior and medial humerus, Mm: Brachiocephalicus
Term
Olecranon Process
Definition
L: A long projection extending off the proximal ulna (forms the elbow), Mm: Tricep brachii
Term
Radial Tuberosity
Definition
L: On the lateral proximal radius, Mm: Bicep brachii
Term
Sternum
Definition
L: On the ventral midline of the ribcage, Mm: Pectoral muscles
Term
Manubrium of the Sternum
Definition
L: The first segment of the sternum, Mm: Pectoral muscles
Term
Xyphoid Process
Definition
L: The last segment of the sternum, Mm: N/A
Term
Crest of the Ilium
Definition
L: Between the point of the haunch and the point of the sacrum, Mm: Longissimus dorsi
Term
Ischiadic Tuberosity
Definition
L: On the caudal aspect of the ischium on either side of the tail (point of the buttock), Mm: Bicep femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
Term
Tuber Coxae (Point of Haunch) or (Cranial Ventral Iliac Spine)
Definition
L: On the ventral tip of the ilium most lateral to the midline, Mm: Tensor fascia latae
Term
Iliac Spine
Definition
L: Along the dorsal aspect of the ilium between the tuber sacrale and the ischium, Mm: Internal obliques
Term
Inguinal Arch
Definition
L: Not a true bony landmark, but the connective tissue between the tuber coxae and the pelvis symphysis (groin area), Mm: External oblique
Term
Rim of the Pubis
Definition
L: The most cranial edge of the pubic bone to the left and right of the symphysis, Mm: Rectus abdominus
Term
Head of the Femur
Definition
L: On the proximal end of the femur situated in the hip socket, Mm: N/A
Term
Greater Trochanter (Point of the Hip)
Definition
L: On the most lateral aspect of the proximal femur, Mm: Superficial gluteal
Term
Lesser Trochanter
Definition
L: On the posterior aspect of the femur distal to the femoral head, Mm: Iliopsoas
Term
Tertiary Trochanter
Definition
L: On the lateral femur just distal to the greater trochanter, Mm: N/A
Term
Tibial Tuberosity
Definition
L: On the proximal tibia just below the stifle joint, Mm: Quadricep muscles
Term
Calcaneal Tuberosity (Point of the Hock)
Definition
L: On the proximal end of the calcaneus bone, corresponds to the heel in humans, Mm: Hamstring muscles, Gastrocnemius
Term
Iliopsoas
Definition
O; Ventral surface of the transverse processes of T13-L6 and ventral surface of the illium, I: Lesser trochanter of the femur, A: Hip flexion, PT: Combination of Psoas Major (upper branch) and Illiacus (lower branch) muscles. Tricky to palpate but can be outlined. May contribute to low back pain, low of power or step behind, or pelvic misalignment.
Term
Gluteus Superficialis
Definition
O: Sacrum, illiac spine, and gluteal fascia. I: Greater trochanter of the femur, A: Hip abduction and extension, PT: Find point of sacrum and rest fingers just lateral - moving toward hip joint find triangle of muscle ventral and anterior to the base of the tail. Smaller of the two glutes that can be palpated on the surface.
Term
Gluteus Medius
Definition
O: Crest and gluteal surface of the ilium, I: Greater trochanter, A: Hip extension, internal rotation, and abduction, PT: Caudal portion deep to the superficialis. Walk fingers forward from sacrum to gluteal fascial - muscle extends into lumbar fascia and fibers run front to back with and oblique angle. Travel along the sacral ridge and then down to the hip.
Term
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
Definition
O: Tuber coxae (point of haunch or cranial central iliac spine), I: Lateral femoral fascia to the tibial tuberosity, A: Hip flexion, stifle extension, PT: Visible posterior to the flank. Place fingers on the point of haunch, trace the line to the stifle alont the anterior border of the TFL. Fibers are concentrated in a triangle at the top of the muscle, overlapping the cranial border of the gluteal superficialis and blending into the crural fascia of the upper thigh.
Term
Bicep femoris
Definition
O: Sacrotuberous ligament and the ischial tuberosities, I: Posterior femur, anterior patella, and the lateral patellar ligaments, tibial crest and the point of hock, A: Extends the limb (hip, stifle and hock), and can flex the stifle depending on the position of the leg, PT: Large superficial muscle seen and palpated at the lateral thigh posterior to the hip joint. Belly is thick and bulges prominently before blending into the crural fascia.
Term
Semitendinosis
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosities, I: posterior tibia, crural fascia and the point of hock, A> Hip extension, hock extension, stifle flexion or extension (depending on position of leg), PT: Superficial just posterior to bicep femoris on the back of hindquarter. Visually distinct thick head located on either side of the tail - find the ischial tuberosities and follow the fibers down to the point of hock.
Term
Crural Fascia
Definition
Fascia of the hock
Term
Semimembranosis
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosities, I: medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial head of the tibia, A: Hip extension, stifle flexion or extension (depending on the position of the leg), PT: Place hand on inside of leg either side of tail - is first muscle belly you cross.Follow fibers from ischial tuberosities down to the medial side of the stifle.
Term
Adductor
Definition
O: Ventral aspect of pelvis, I: Medial aspect of femur, A: Adduct limb (Adductor group)
Term
Gracilis
Definition
O: Pelvic symphysis, I: Medial aspect of the stifle and calcaneus, A: Adduct limb and extend hock (Adductor group)
Term
Sartoris
Definition
O: Ventral aspect of the ilium, I: Medial aspect of the femur and patella, A: Hip flexion and limb adduction (Adductor group)
Term
Pectineus
Definition
O: Prepublic tendon, I: Medial aspect of the femur, A: Adduct the limb (Adductor group)
Term
Hamstrings
Definition
Bicep femoris, Semitendenosis, and Semimembranosis
Term
Quadricep femoris
Definition
O: Four headed - rectus femoris=cranial ventral spine of the ilium (point of haunch); vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius =lateral, medial, and anterior surface of the femur, I Proximal cranial tibia, A: Stifle extension (all four heads), Hip flexion (rectus femoris only), PT: Deep to TFL and biceps femoris, some fibers can be palpated between these two muscles
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
O: Medial and lateral condyles of the femur, I: Calcaneal tuber (point of hock), A: Hock extension and stifle flexion, PT: Place hand on back of hindleg between stifle and hock to feel large bulge of gastrocnemius
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
Most common, most moveable.
Have supportive fibrous capsule surrounding the articulating surface of the joint and lubricating synovial fluid within the capsule
Pad of articular cartilage at the edges of the bones to protect the bones in movement
can bend, flex, compress, rotate and stretch
6 types: Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoids, Ball and socket, Saddle
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
Connects bones along a tight knit suture line - as in the skull and pelvis.
Movement is limited to the amount of stretch between receptors within the suture line
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
Joint covered in cartilage to allow more movement than a fibrous joint but less than a synovial joint.
Ex: the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Also the growth regions of the long bones in young animals and intervertebral disks.
Join along a line called a symphysis such as that between the right and left half of the pubic bone
Term
Common joint dysfunctions
Definition
osteoarthritis
hip or elbow dysplasia
inflammation due to strain or injury to supporting ligaments or tendons
Term
Contents of Soft Tissue
Definition
Water
Proteins
Lipids (fat)
Salt
Minerals
Sugar
Term
Some types of Soft Tissue
Definition
Ligament
Muscle
Fascia
Tendon
Term
Function of Soft Tissue
Definition
Create Movement
Prevent hypermobility
Posture
Transport nutrients and fluids
Term
Fascia is made up of
Definition
Water, collagen and other proteins
Term
Where is fascia
Definition
It supports or lies between and around all other tissue. Connective tissue that permeates the human body, interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, organs, nerves, blood vessels and other structures. Uninterupted from head to toe.
Term
Superficial fascia
Definition
layers of connective tissue just below the skin or closest to the body that can usually be palpated.
Term
Deep fascia
Definition
Includes the fascia between the muscle and the bone, the periosteum, and membranes of the internal viscera, and others that are less accessible.
Term
Myofascia
Definition
fascia associated with the muscle and its neural components.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Sheathe of connective tissue surrounding each bone
Term
# of fascial planes
Definition
9
Term
Cervical Fascia
Definition
Encases the neck
Term
Omobrachial Fascia
Definition
Broad, flat surface of the shoulder
Term
Antebrachial Fascia
Definition
Sleeve around the forearm
Term
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Definition
Extends from the withers to the sacrum
Term
Abdominal Fascia
Definition
area of restriction along the belly
Term
Fascia Latae
Definition
Enfolds the stifle and dictates its flexibility
Term
Crural Fascia
Definition
Wraps calf
Term
Gluteal Fascia
Definition
Caudal to the thoracolumbar fascia to the dock of tail
Term
Retinaculum
Definition
Sheaths around joints of the limbs (support and flexibility)
Term
Divisions of the Nervous System
Definition
Centeral Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal Column
Stores and processes information, selects information
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Distributed throughout the body
Collects information or stimuli
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Controls involuntary actions of the body such as heartbeat, glandular secretion, breathing, etc.
Term
Two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Term
Parasympathetic branch
Definition
Fight or flight
Excitatory
Contained in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the spinal cord
Term
Sympathetic branch
Definition
Rest and digest
Contained in the cranial and sacral nerve groups
Term
Tendons
Definition
Connect muscle to bone
Support articulating bone
Have connective tissue throughout muscles
Elastic yellow fibers
Inelastic protein fibers
More flexible than Ligaments = more elastic fibers
Greater blood supply than Ligaments
Term
Tyoes of muscle
Definition
Smooth or Visceral
Cardiac
Skeletal
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
involuntary, striated
Found in the walls of the heart
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Makes up most of the muscles in the body
Voluntary muscle, anchored to bone by tendons
Greatest direct impact in massage
Term
Smooth or Visceral Muscle
Definition
Involuntary, not under conscious control
Found in the walls of organs such as stomach, blood vessels, bronchii, bladder, skin
Term
Primary functions of muscles
Definition
Movement
Heat production (by product of contraction)
Maintenance of position of body (stabilizing joints)
Fluid transport (blood, lymph, water)
Nutrient transport
Involuntary processes (heartbeat, digestion)
Term
Action potential
Definition
Wave of electrical current that travels along the membrane of a cell
Initiates muscle contraction of myofibrils
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Muscle that performs opposite action or opposes the moment of another
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
ANS
Comprised of motor nerves that control involuntary movement or structures like visceral organs and smooth muscle
Term
Axon
Definition
Long slender projection from neuron
Carry impulses away from neuron
Primary transmission line of nervous system
Bundles make up nerves
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
CNS
Brain and spinal column
Hard drive of the nervous system
Term
Glial cells
Definition
neuroglia
Provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in nervous system
Term
Meninges
Definition
3 layers on connective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia matter
Term
Motor endplate
Definition
many receptors fro receiving neurotransmitter
highly-excitable region of muscle fiber
responsible for initiation of action potentials across muscle surface
Term
Motor nerves
Definition
aka Effector or efferent neurons
carry messages from CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands
(efferent=exit CNS)
Term
Sensory nerves
Definition
aka Receptor or afferent neurons
carry messages from sense organs to the CNS
(afferent=arrives in CNS)
Term
Myelin
Definition
electrically insulating phospholipids (fatty) layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons
Term
Musculotendinous Junction
Definition
where muscle and tendon fibers intersperse
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
Smaller divisions of muscle cells, inside of which are the proteins called filaments that cause muscle contraction
Term
Neuron
Definition
Basic functional unit of the nervous system
Cells of nervous tissue
make up brain, spinal cord and nerves
Term
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Definition
Synapase of junction between the axon of a motor neuron and the motor endplate
Term
Prime mover
Definition
muscle that provides the majority of the force for a particular movement
Term
Thixotrophy
Definition
The ability of connective tissue to change between a more liquid state and a more gel-like state depending on the state of its energy
Term
Synergist
Definition
Muscle that performs same action in a supporting role as a prime mover
Term
Proprioception
Definition
sense of position and movement within the body
process by which the body can vary muscle contraction in response to incoming information
body's ability to utilize stretch receptors in the muscles to keep tract of joint positions in the body
Term
Receptors for proprioception
Definition
muscles
tendons
ligaments
joint capsules
cartilage
Term
proprioception information
Definition
movement of limbs
position of joints
rate of muscle contraction
amount of tension exerted on tendons and ligaments
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Vestibular system
Muscle Spindle Fibers
Golgi Tendon Organs
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