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Canine Anatomy
Head/Neck and Abdomen
335
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
10/22/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the head shape that is medium?
Definition
mesaticephalic
Term
What is the head shape that is short and wide?
Definition
Brachycephalic
Term
What is the head shape that is long and narrow?
Definition
dolichocephalic
Term
What two bones form the roof of the brain case?
Definition
frontal and parietal bones
Term
What bone forms the caudolateral side of the brain case?
Definition
temporal bone
Term
What bone forms the rostral portion of the brain case?
Definition
ethymoid bone
Term
What bone forms the floor of the brain case?
Definition
sphenoid bone
Term
What bone forms the caudal wall of the brain case?
Definition
occipital bone
Term

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What is the bone that is most rostral, holds the upper incisors, and forms the rostral part of the hard palate?

Definition
incisive bone
Term

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What is the bone that is medial and rostral relative to the brain case, and forms the nasal roof cavity?

Definition
Nasal bone
Term

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Which bone comprises the lateral part of the face and forms part of the hard palate?

Definition
Maxilla
Term

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Which bone comprises the cranial surface of the the orbit and the rostral portion of the zygomatic arch?

Definition
zygomatic bone
Term

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What two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

Definition
Zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Term

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What bone is medial to the orbit (yellow)?

Definition
lacrimal bone
Term

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What bone forms the caudal part of the nasopharynx (little green one)?

Definition
Pterygoid bone
Term
What is the osseus part of the nasal septum that lies ventrally?
Definition
Vomer
Term

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What three bones form the hard palate?

Definition
Incisive, maxilla, and palatine bones
Term
What part of the occipital bone has paired temporal lines in brachycephalic dogs?
Definition
saggital crest
Term
What part of the occipital bone meets at the sagittal and nuchal crests at the caudal end?
Definition
external occipital protuberance
Term
What is the area of the occipital bone that makes the division between caudal and dorsal?
Definition
Nuchal crest
Term
What part of the occipital bone articulates with C1 and is barrel shaped?
Definition
occipital condyle
Term
What part of the occipital bone is the attachment point for digastricus muscle?
Definition
paracondylar process
Term
What part of the occipital bone is the opening for the spinal cord?
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
Which bone of the brain case allows for olfactory nerves to pass through?
Definition
ethymoid bone/cribriform plate
Term
What part of the ethymoid bone allows olfactory nerves to pass?
Definition
cribriform plate/cribriform foramina
Term
What part of the temporal bone comprises the caudolateral part of the zygomatic arch?
Definition
zygomatic process
Term
What part of the temporal bone comprises the middle ear and is the enlargement seen on the caudoventral side?
Definition
tympanic bulla
Term
What is the part of the temporal bone which is the foramen?
Definition
external acoustic meatus
Term
The mandible is comprised of two parts. Name them.
Definition
body, ramus
Term
What are the processes of the mandibular ramus, starting with the most dorsal?
Definition
coronoid, condylar, angular
Term
What is the mandibular notch?
Definition
between the coronoid and condylar processes
Term
What foramen is on the caudal end of the mandible, ventral to the ramus?
Definition
mandibular foramen
Term
The mandibular canal is a passageway for what vessels?
Definition
inferior alveolar artery, veins, and nerve to travel through to supply the lower teeth
Term
What are the three foramena on the rostral end of the mandible?
Definition
rostral, middle, and caudal mental foramena
Term
The mental foramena/mandibular canal are a passageway for what vessels?
Definition
mental nerves
Term
What is the junction where the two mandibles meet?
Definition
mandibular symphysis
Term
What is the temporomandibular joint?
Definition
between the condylar process and the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Term
Which bones stabilize the tongue and larynx by suspending them from the skull?
Definition
hyoid apparatus
Term
Which hyoid component is cartilage and sits most cranially?
Definition
tympanohyoid cartilage
Term

[image]

Translate: Sick Elephants Can Be Treated

Definition
Stylohyoid, Epihyoid, Ceratohyoid, Basihyoid, Thyrohyoid
Term
Which hyoid bone is unpaired and palpable?
Definition
basihyoid
Term
What kind of teeth do horses have?
Definition
hypsodont
Term
What kind of teeth do dogs and people have?
Definition
brachydont
Term
What are the four types of teeth?
Definition
incisor, canine, premolar, molar
Term
What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth?
Definition
3-1-3 (I-C-P) on both upper and lower; therefore 14 on one side of the mouth, 28 total
Term
What is the dental formula for permanent teeth?
Definition
3-1-4-2 upper
3-1-4-3 lower
10 upper + 11 lower = 21 on one side, therefore 42 total
Term
What is the vestibular surface of the teeth?
Definition
surface facing the vestibule and lips
Term
What is the lingual surface of the teeth?
Definition
surface facing the tongue
Term
What is the contact surface of the teeth?
Definition
surface adjacent to neighboring tooth in the same arch (mesial-midline, distal-away from midline)
Term
What is the occlusal or masticating surface of teeth?
Definition
the surface facing teeth of the opposite arch
Term
What are the carnassial or sectorial teeth?
Definition
large, shearing teeth; upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar
Term
What is the crown of the tooth?
Definition
the part above the gum
Term
What is the neck of the tooth?
Definition
at the gum line
Term
What is the root of the tooth?
Definition
below the gum line
Term
What is the enamel of the tooth?
Definition
covers the crown
Term
What is dentin?
Definition
the hard substance similar to bone that comprises the bulk of the tooth
Term
What is the pulp cavity?
Definition
central space containing nerves and vessels
Term
What is the cementum of tooth?
Definition
thin, bone-like covering of the root
Term
What is the periodontal membrane of the tooth?
Definition
fibrous connective tissue connecting the wall of the alveolus with the cementum
Term
What is the gingiva?
Definition
gum
Term
What is the caudal opening of the nasal cavity at the end of the hard palate?
Definition
choanae
Term
what is the groove on the midline of the nasal plane?
Definition
philtrum
Term
What is the nasal plane?
Definition
covered with non-haired skin, the apical portion that contails the nostrils
Term
What are the bony scrolls covered by nasal mucosa and filling each half of the nasal cavity?
Definition
nasal concha
Term
What are the three nasal concha and from which bone do they arise?
Definition
-dorsal nasal concha: maxilla
-ventral nasal concha: maxilla
-ethymoid nasal concha: ethymoid bone
Term
What are the nasal passes between the nasal concha?
Definition
nasal meatuses
Term
Name the four nasal meatuses.
Definition
-dorsal nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, ventral nasal meatus, common nasal meatus
Term
Which nasal meatus would we pass a gastric tube through?
Definition
ventral nasal meatus
Term
What is the innervation of the face muscles?
Definition
facial nerve (CN VII)
Term
What is the innervation of the muscles of mastication?
Definition
mandibular branch of the trigeminal n (CN V)
Term
Which muscle sweeps from the midline of the neck and blends with the lip margins?
Definition
platysma m
Term
Which muscle forms the lip margins?
Definition
orbicularis oris m
Term
Which muscle forms the cheek?
Definition
buccinator m
Term
Which muscle lifts the nose and lips?
Definition
levator nasolabialis m
Term
Which muscle contributes to the eyelids?
Definition
orbicularis oculi m
Term
What is the function of digastricus m?
Definition
open the jaw
Term
What is the function of the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles?
Definition
close the jaw
Term
Which muscle sits at the top of the head, originating from the temporal fossa and inserting on the coronoid process?
Definition
temporalis m
Term
Which muscle originates in the zygomatic arch and inserts on the mandible masseteric fossa?
Definition
masseter m
Term
Which muscle runs deep and medial to the mandible, inserting on the medial side of the mandible?
Definition
pterygoid m
Term
Which muscle originates on the paracondylar process and inserts on the body of the mandible?
Definition
digastricus m
Term
What is the lingual franulum?
Definition
extends to the floor and anchors the tongue
Term
What is the sublingual fold?
Definition
goes over the salavary glands
Term
What is the lyssa?
Definition
fibrous spicule in the tongue, lies ventral
Term
What is on the dorsal surface of the tongue that has protective and mechanical functions?
Definition
lingual papillae
Term
What are the filiform papillae?
Definition
on the body and apex of the tongue, has multiple tips
Term
What helps cats with grooming?
Definition
cornified filiform papillae
Term
What are the smooth, round, papillae scattered on the body and apex of the tongue? (look like white dots)
Definition
fungiform p
Term
What papillae form a v on the tongue, look round and lay between the root and body of the tongue?
Definition
vallate p
Term
What papillae form on the lateral edge of the root?
Definition
foliate p
Term
What are the big, visible papillae on the root of the tongue?
Definition
conical p
Term
What are the papillae seen on nursing puppies?
Definition
marginal p
Term
What is at the rostral opening of the nasal cavity?
Definition
alar fold
Term
What area is between the alar fold and the choanae?
Definition
nasolacrimal duct
Term
Which papillae have gustatory functions?
Definition
fungiform, vallate, and foliate pp
Term
What is the innervation of the sensation (pain, temperature, tactile) muscles in the mouth?
Definition
lingual nerve (from the mandibular branch of CN V) and CN IX
Term
What is the motor innervation in the intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles?
Definition
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Term
What is the taste innervation of the tongue?
Definition
-rostral 2/3 = chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)
-caudal 1/3 = CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Term
What is the innervation of the lingual muscles?
Definition
hypoglossal nerve (CN VII)
Term
What is the function of the lingual muscles?
Definition
control precise movement of the tongue
Term
What are the intrinsic lingual muscles?
Definition
the many muscle bundles that form the bulk of the tongue
Term
What are the extrinsic lingual muscles?
Definition
styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus mm
Term
Which extrinsic lingual muscle anchors to the stylohyoid bone?
Definition
styloglossus m
Term
Which extrinsic muscle anchors to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones?
Definition
hyoglossus m
Term
Which extrinsic muscle anchors to the mandibular symphysis?
Definition
genioglossus m
Term
What is the function of the hyoid muscles?
Definition
swallowing, lapping, etc
Term
What is the innervation of the hyoid muscles?
Definition
CNs V, IX, XII, and the few first cervical nerves
Term
Which hyoid muscle connects the sternum to the basihyoid bone?
Definition
sternohyoideus
Term
Which hyoid muscle connects the thyroid cartilage to the thyrohyoid bone?
Definition
thyrohyoideus
Term
Which hyoid muscle connects the chin to the basihyoid?
Definition
geniohyoideus
Term
Which hyoid muscle connects the thyrohyoid bone to the ceratohyoid bone?
Definition
ceratohyoideus
Term
Which hyoid muscle fills the intermandibular space, and runs to the basihyoid bone?
Definition
mylohyoideus
Term
Which two salivary glands have ducts that open into the sublingual caruncle?
Definition
mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
Which salivary gland has a duct that opens at the 4th upper PM?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
Which salivary gland has a duct that opens at the 2nd upper M?
Definition
zygomatic salivary gland
Term
Which major salivary gland is monostomatic?
Definition
sublingual salivary gland
Term
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Definition
oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
What is the common area where both food and air pass through in the pharynx?
Definition
intrapharyngeal ostium
Term
Where is the oropharynx located?
Definition
ventral to the soft palate
Term
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Definition
dorsal to the soft palate
Term
What marks the division between the oropharynx and the oral cavity?
Definition
palatoglossal arch
Term
What marks the division between the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx?
Definition
palatopharyngeal arch
Term
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Definition
caudal to the soft palate, leads to the esophagus
Term
Which parts of the pharynx does air go through to get to the lungs?
Definition
(nasal cavity), nasopharynx, intrapharyngeal ostium, larynx, (trachea)
Term
Which parts of the pharynx does food go through to get to the esophagus?
Definition
(oral cavity), oropharynx, intrapharyngeal ostium, laryngopharynx, (esophagus)
Term
What is the name of the continuation of the floor of the oropharynx on either side of the larynx where foreign bodies may become lodged?
Definition
piriform recess
Term
What is the name of the annular constriction marking the division between the esophagus and laryngopharynx?
Definition
pharyngoesophageal limen
Term
What is the function of the pharyngeal muscles?
Definition
aid in swallowing, constrict pharynx (except stylopharyngeus - dilates!)
Term
What is the innervation of the pharyngeal muscles?
Definition
CN IX, CN X
Term
What are the three pharyngeal muscles we had to ID in lab, from caudal to cranial?
Definition
-cricophyngeus
-thyropharyngeus
-hyopharyngeus
Term
Name that cartilages comprising the larynx from cranial to caudal.
Definition
epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid
Term
Which of the laryngeal cartilages is paired?
Definition
arytenoid
Term
What is the function of the larynx?
Definition
air passageway, vocalization, prevents inspiration of foreign material
Term
What is the vocal apparatus of the larynx?
Definition
glottis
Term
What are the components of the glottis?
Definition
vocal forls, the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, and the rima glottids
Term
What is the passageway into the glottis called?
Definition
rima glottids
Term
What are the muscles of the larynx?
Definition
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
-cricothyroideus
Term
What is the function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?
Definition
abduct the vocal folds to open the glottis
Term
What is the innervation of cricothyroideus m?
Definition
cranial laryngeal n
Term
What is the innervation of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m?
Definition
recurrent laryngeal n
Term
What is the part of the ear that is large and visible?
Definition
pinna or auricula
Term
What are the parts of the external ear canal?
Definition
vertical and horizontal
Term
What are the three parts of the ear?
Definition
External ear, middle ear, inner ear
Term
What divides the middle ear from the external ear?
Definition
tympanic membrane
Term
What are the components of the middle ear?
Definition
-tympanic membrane
-auditory ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
-auditory (Eustachian) tube
-pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
-vestibular (oval) window
-cochlear (round) window
Term
How can infections spread from the inner ear to the nasopharynx?
Definition
The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube opens externally to the nasopharynx
Term
What are the parts of the inner ear?
Definition
-semicircular ducts
-cochlear duct
Term
When does the inner ear develop?
Definition
In the embryo as an invagination of the optic placode (membranous labyrinth)
Term
What are the three concentric layers of the eyeball?
Definition
-fibrous tunic
-vascular tunic (uvea)
-nervous tunic
Term
What comprises the fibrous tunic?
Definition
-cornea
-sclera
Term
What comprises the vascular tunic?
Definition
-choroid (tapetum lucidum, nontapetal nigrum)
-ciliary body
-zonule
-iris
Term
What comprises the nervous tunic?
Definition
-retina
-optic disc/nerve
Term
What is the sheath of connective tissue that encloses the eyeball and its muscles, vessels, and nerves?
Definition
periorbita
Term
What are the bones of the orbit?
Definition
frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillary, (sphenoid, palatine)
Term
What is the spatial relationship between the orbit and the two sinuses in the head?
Definition
-Frontal sinus is dorsomedial to the orbit
-Maxillary sinus is rostromedial to the orbit
Term
What is the thick band that unites the zygomatic process of the frontal bone with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?
Definition
orbital ligament
Term
What is the area where the sclera and cornea meet?
Definition
limbus
Term
Which part of the vascular tunic is light reflective?
Definition
tapetum lucidum
Term
What is the role of the ciliary body?
Definition
Hold the lens and regulate its shape (focusing)
Term
What is the role of the zonule fibers?
Definition
hold lens
Term
What is the role of the ciliary processes?
Definition
produce aqueous humor which fills anterior chamber
Term
What is the flow of the aqueous humor?
Definition
-made by ciliary processes in the posterior chamber
-goes through opening between the iris and pupil
-moves into the anterior chamber
-aqueous humor can move out of the anterior chamber via the iridocorneal angle
-fluids are absorbed into the blood stream via the scleral veneous sinus/plexus
Term
What are the three main muscle types in the eye?
Definition
intraocular, extraocular, palpebral
Term
What is the function and innervation of the intraocular muscles in the eye?
Definition
-regulate pupillary diameter and shape of the lens
-sympathetic and parasympathetic nn
Term
What is the function and innervation of the extraocular muscles in the eye?
Definition
-rotation and retraction of eyeball
-CN III, CN IV, CN VI
Term
What is the function and innervation of the palpebral muscles of the eye?
Definition
-regulate the spare and position of the palpebral fissure
-CN VII (orbicularis oculi m) and CN III (levator palpebrae superioris m)
Term
Which muscle elevates the upper eyelid?
Definition
levator palpebrae superioris m
Term
List the intraocular muscles.
Definition
-sphincter muscles of the iris
-dilator muscles of the iris
-ciliary muscles
Term
List the extraocular muscles.
Definition
-dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral rectus mm
-dorsal and ventral oblique mm
-retractor bulbi m
Term
List the palpebral muscles.
Definition
-orbicularis oculi m
-levator palpebrae superioris m
Term
What are the three chambers of the eye and what are their liquid contents?
Definition
-anterior chamber (aqueous humor)
-posterior chamber (aqueous humor)
-vitreous chamber (vitreous humor)
Term
What are the parts of the conjunctiva?
Definition
-palpebral conjunctiva
-bulba conjunctiva
-lacrimal caruncle
-fornix
Term
Which part of the conjunctiva reflects on the underside of the eyelid?
Definition
palpebral conjunctiva
Term
Which part of the conjunctiva reflects on the sclera?
Definition
bulba conjunctiva
Term
Which part of the conjunctiva is found in the reflection of the two conjunctiva upon eachother?
Definition
fornix
Term
What are the parts of the lacrimal apparatus?
Definition
-lacrimal gland
-lacrimal punctum
-lacrimal ducts (canaliculus)
-lacrimal sac
-nasolacrimal duct
Term
Where are the lacrimal gland and lacrimal punctum located?
Definition
gland = lateral; punctum = medial
Term
Which gland is responsible for producing a fatty film to keep the eyelid moisture in?
Definition
tarsal gland
Term
Where is the tarsal gland located?
Definition
under the eyelid
Term
What are the parts of the palpebrae?
Definition
-upper, lower, third eyelids
-cilia
-angles (medial, lateral)
-tarsal glands
-obicularis oculi m
-levator palpabral superioris m
Term
Where is the third eyelid located?
Definition
medially
Term
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Definition
12
Term
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
-innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary!)
-divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
Which nerves have sympathetic fibers?
Definition
all spinal and most cranial nerves
Term
Which nerves have parasympathetic fibers?
Definition
some sacral spinal nerves and CN III, VII, IX, and X
Term
What are the four types of nerves?
Definition
sensory, motor, special sensory, mixed
Term
What is a motor nerves?
Definition
runs to skeletal muscle
Term
What is a sensory nerve?
Definition
carries only somatic fibers to the brain
Term
What is a mixed nerve?
Definition
carries sensory and motor fibers
Term
What is a special sensory nerve?
Definition
vision, hearing, smell, taste
Term
What is CN I?
Definition
olfactory nerve
Term
What is CN II?
Definition
optic nerve
Term
What is CN III?
Definition
oculomotor nerve
Term
What is CN IV?
Definition
trochlear nerve
Term
What is CN V?
Definition
trigeminal nerve
Term
What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
-ophthalmic
-maxillary
-mandibular
Term
What is CN VI?
Definition
abducent nerve
Term
What is CN VII?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
What are the major branches of the facial nerve?
Definition
-auriculopalpebral
-buccal branches (dorsal, ventral)
-chorda tympani
-major petrosal (ANS)
Term
What is CN VIII?
Definition
vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
What is CN IX?
Definition
glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
What is CN X?
Definition
vagus nerve
-cranial laryngeal n
-caudal laryngeal n (recurrent laryngeal)
Term
What is CN XI?
Definition
accessory nerve
Term
What is CN XII?
Definition
hypoglossal nerve
Term
What does CN I do?
Definition
special sense of smell
Term
What does CN II do?
Definition
special sense of sight
Term
What does CN III do?
Definition
-pupil constrictor m (ANS)
-motor n for extraocular mm and levator palpebrae superioris
Term
What does CN IV do?
Definition
-eye movement
-motor to dorsal oblique m
Term
What does CN V do?
Definition
mixed!
Term
What does the ophtalmic nerve do?
Definition
skin of forehead and lateral eye, nasal cavity, cornea
Term
What does the maxillary nerve do?
Definition
-infraorbital = skin of nose, face, oral cavity
-superior alveolar = upper teeth
Term
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
Definition
-auriculotemporal
-buccal
-lingual
-inferior (mandibular) alveolar
-mylohyoid
-mental
Term
What does the auriculotemporal nerve do?
Definition
skin of ear
Term
What does the buccal nerve do?
Definition
lower cheek and jaw
Term
What does the lingual nerve do?
Definition
tongue
Term
What does the inferior (mandibular) alveolar nerve do?
Definition
lower teeth
Term
What does the mylohyoid nerve do?
Definition
mylohyoid muscle
Term
What does the mental nerve do?
Definition
skin of chin
Term
What does CN VI do?
Definition
-eye movement
-lateral rectus and retractor bulbi
Term
What does CN VII do?
Definition
muscles of facial expression, taste, lacrimal, and salivary innervation
Term
What does the auriculopalpebral nerve do?
Definition
eyelid
Term
What do the buccal branches of the facial nerve do?
Definition
facial expression
Term
What does the chorda tympani do?
Definition
taste to rostral 2/3 of the tongue
Term
What does the major petrosal nerve do?
Definition
lacrimal gland, mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
What does CN VIII do?
Definition
-vestibular division = movement of head in relation to gravity and movement
-cochlear division = hearing
Term
What does CN IX do?
Definition
pharyngeal muscles, taste, carotid sinus, parotid salivary gland
Term
What does CN X do?
Definition
larynx, pharynx
Term
What does the cranial laryngeal nerve innervate?
Definition
cricothyroideus m
Term
What does the caudal (recurrent) laryngeal nerve innervate?
Definition
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m
Term
What results in "roaring"?
Definition
damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
What does CN XI do?
Definition
neck muscles
Term
What does CN XII do?
Definition
tongue muscles
Term
What are the epaxial muscles? List the three types, from lateral to medial.
Definition
-"above axis/vertebrae"
-must be separated and detached for spinal surgery
-illiocostalis system (lumbar and thoracic only), longissimus system, transversospinalis system
Term
What is the function of the epaxial muscles?
Definition
extension of the vertebral column or lateral movement of trunk
Term
What are the hypaxial muscles? List them from lateral to medial.
Definition
-lie on the ventral surface of cervical vertebrae
-longus capitus m, longus colli m
Term
What is the function of the hypaxial muscles?
Definition
flexion of the vertebral column or draw the neck downward
Term
What are the nerves of the neck?
Definition
-8pairs of cervical spinal nerves
-accessory nerve
-vagosymathetic trunk
-recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
What are the vessels of the neck?
Definition
-external jugular
-common carotid artery
Term
What structures are enveloped by the carotid sheath?
Definition
-common carotid a
-vagosympathetic trunk
-internal jugular v
-tracheal lymphatic trunk
Term
The arteries of the head all arise from which main vessel?
Definition
common carotid a
Term
The common carotid artery splits into what?
Definition
-internal carotid a (supplies brain)
-external carotid a (main supply)
Term
What are the branches of the external carotid a?
Definition
occipital, lingual, facial, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary (main supply)
Term
What are the branches of the maxillary a?
Definition
inferior (mandibular) alveolar, external ophthalmic, minor palatine, infraorbital (main supply), major palatine, sphenopalatine
Term
Which two branches of the maxillary artery arise from a common stalk called the descending palatine a?
Definition
-major palatine a
-sphenopalatine a
Term
Name the superficial veins of the head that are branches of the external jugular v.
Definition
-lingofacial v (lingual v, facial v)
-maxillary v
-hyoid venous arch (runs transverse, ventral to basihyoid)
Term
What forms the external jugular v?
Definition
confluence of the linguofacial (ventral) and maxillary (dorsal) veins
Term
What are the lateral abdominal muscles, from superficial to deep?
Definition
-External abdominal oblique
-internal abdominal oblique
-transversus abdominis
Term
What is the ventral muscle in the abdomen, and what are its characteristics?
Definition
Rectus abdominis
-tendinous intersections
-rectus sheath covers both surfaces
Term
What is the midline strip that is avascular?
Definition
linea alba
Term
What is the connective tissue-filled fissure between the abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses?
Definition
inguinal canal (superficial and deep inguinal rings)
Term
What is the strong collagenous mass cranial to the pubic bone?
Definition
prepubic tendon
Term
What are the abdominal wall arteries that lie ventrally?
Definition
-cranial epigastric (from internal thoracic)
-caudal epigastric (from pudendoepigastric trunk/deep femoral)
Term
Which structures pass in and out of the inguinal canal?
Definition
-external pudenal a. and v.
-genitofemoral n
-vaginal process / spermatic cord
Term
What are the abdominal wall arteries that lie dorsally?
Definition
-cranial abdominal (from aorta)
-deep circumflex iliac (from aorta)
Term
What are the superficial nerves of the abdomen?
Definition
-arise from T13 (costoabdominal) and L1-4 (L4 = lateral cutaneous femoral)
Term
What are the two main cavities of the abdomen? In which cavity do organ lie?
Definition
-peritoneal
-abdominal (where organs are)
Term
What is the fascia that is attached to the abdominal muscles that can be likened to the endothoracic fascia seen in the thorax?
Definition
transversalis fascia
Term
What are the three parts of the peritoneum?
Definition
-parietal
-visceral
-connecting
Term
What does the parietal peritoneum do?
Definition
lines the abdominal wall
Term
What does the visceral peritoneum d0?
Definition
covers organs, either wholly or in part
Term
What does the connecting peritoneum do?
Definition
Connects organ to wall, or connects organ to organ (double layer)
Term
Where is the root of the mesentery?
Definition
L2
Term
Describe the parts of the omentum.
Definition
-greater omentum
-lesser omentum
-omental bursa (superficial and deep layers of the ometum)
-epiploic foramen
Term
What veins run dorsal and ventral to the omentum?
Definition
-dorsal: caudal vena cava
-ventral: portal vein
Term
What is the function of the spleen in a fetus?
Definition
produce red blood cells
Term
What is the function of the spleen in an adult?
Definition
stores RBC, produce lymphocytes
Term
What connects the stomach and spleen?
Definition
gastrosplenic ligament
Term
What is the function of the liver?
Definition
-detox drugs
-formation and secretion of bile
-metabolism of carbs and fat
-plasma protein production
-glycogen storage
Term
Name the surfaces of the liver.
Definition
parietal - abuts diaphragm
visceral - contacts stomach and kidney
Term
What are the lobes of the liver?
Definition
-left lateral (gastric impression)
-left medial
-quadrate (gall bladder fossa)
-right medial (gall bladder fossa)
-right lateral (touches right kidney)
-caudate (renal fossa and hepatorenal ligament)
Term
What connects the liver to the umbilicus?
Definition
falciform ligament
Term
What is the free border of the falciform ligament?
Definition
round ligament of the liver
Term
What connects the liver to the crura of the diaphragm?
Definition
triangular ligaments
Term
What is the reflection of the peritoneum from the diaphragmetic surface of the liver onto the diaphragm?
Definition
coronary ligament
Term
Where does the gall bladder sit?
Definition
between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver
Term
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Definition
-stores bile produced by liver
-horse doesn't have a gall bladder
Term
How does bile get into the duodenum?
Definition
-liver makes bile and delivers it to gall bladder via hepatic ducts
-hepatic duct joins cystic duct to form bile duct
-bile duct terminates on major duodenal papilla (next to pancreatic duct)
Term
What is the function of the pancreas?
Definition
exocrine - pancreatic enzymes
endocrine - insulin and glucagon
Term
Describe where the pancreas is found.
Definition
left lobe: caudal to stomach, cranial to the transverse colon
right lobe: next to the descending duodenum within the mesoduodenum
body: lies at pylorus
Term
Where does the pancreatic duct open?
Definition
major duodenal papilla
Term
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open?
Definition
minor duodenal papilla
Term
What comprises the foregut?
Definition
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-first part of the duodenum
Term
What comprises the midgut?
Definition
-distal duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-larger part of the colon
Term
What comprises the hindgut?
Definition
-distal colon
-rectum
-parts of the urogenital tract
Term
What are the parts of the stomach and their spatial locations?
Definition
-cardiac: near esophagus
-fundus: left and dorsal to cardiac
-body: largest part
-pyloric part: distal, near pylorus
-greater curvature
-lesser curvature
Term
What are the folds found in the stomach?
Definition
rugae
Term
Where can one find the stomach when empty or full?
Definition
-empty: cardia opposite the left 9th intercostal space
-full: caudal surface extends to L3-L4
Term
Name the parts of the duodenum.
Definition
-cranial duodenal flexure
-descending duodenum
-mesoduodenum (sweeps organs away to see right kidney)
-major duodenal papilla
-minor duodenal papilla
-caudal duodenal flexure
-ascending duodenum (left of root of mesentery)
-duodenojejunal flexure
-
Term
What is contained in the root of the mesentery?
Definition
-mesojejunum
-nerves
-cranial mesenteric artery
-mesenteric (jejunal) lymph nodes
Term
What is the shortest and most distal part of the small intestine?
Definition
ileum
Term
Where is the area where the ileum opens into the ascending colon?
Definition
-below the first or second lumbar vertebra
-ileocolic orifice, ileocolic sphincter
Term
What artery is found in the ileum?
Definition
antimesenteric ileal l
Term
What comprises the large intestine?
Definition
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
Where can the cecum be palpated in a cat?
Definition
at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra
Term
How does the cecum communicate with the colon?
Definition
cecocolic orifice/sphincter
Term
Describe the location of the colon.
Definition
Dorsal in the abdomen, suspended by the mesocolon
Term
What are the parts of the colon?
Definition
-ascending colon
-right colic flexure
-transverse colon
-left colic flexure
-descending colon
Term
What part of the colon is palapable?
Definition
descending colon
Term
Where does the rectum start?
Definition
at the pelvic inlet
Term
Where does the anal canal start?
Definition
at the level of the fourth caudal vertebra
Term
What is the external opening of the alimentary canal?
Definition
anus
Term
Where are the anal sacs?
Definition
located between internal and external sphincters
Term
What is a common problem with anal sacs?
Definition
-can become plugged
-leads to constipation, rupture, anal fistula
Term
Which muscles aid in defecation?
Definition
-internal anal sphincter
-external anal sphincter
-rectococcygeus m
Term
Describe the internal anal sphincter.
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Describe the external anal sphincter.
Definition
striated muscle, guardian of the lumen of the anal canal
Term
Describe the rectococcygeus m.
Definition
-smooth muscle, paired
-as the tail lifts, this muscle presses down to assist in defecation
-attached to the ventral surface of the 5/6 caudal vertebrae
Term
What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut and midgut?
Definition
celic ganglion
Term
What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?
Definition
cranial mesenteric ganglion
Term
What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Definition
caudal mesenteric ganglion
Term
What is the major nerve that provides sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?
Definition
sympathetic trunk
Term
Which nerves run between the sympathetic trunk and the celiac/cranial mesenteric ganglia?
Definition
major and minor splanchnic nn
Term
Which nerve runs between the sympathetic trunk and the caudal mesenteric ganglion?
Definition
lumbar splanchnic n
Term
What nerve comes off the caudal mesenteric ganglion that innervates the pelvic organs?
Definition
hypogastric n
Term
What is the parasympathetic innervation in the foregut and midgut?
Definition
-dorsal vagal trunk: supplies visceral surface of stomach (celiac branch)
-ventral vagal trunk: supplies parietal surface of stomach, pylorus, liver
Term
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Definition
pelvic nerves
Term
What is the branch of the aorta that supplies the foregut?
Definition
celiac a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the liver and gall bladder?
Definition
hepatic branches
Term
What artery supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Definition
right and left gastric aa
Term
What artery supplies blood to the pylorus?
Definition
gastroduodenal a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Definition
left and right gastroepiploic aa, and the short gastric branches
Term
What artery supplies blood to the duodenum and right lobe of the pancreas?
Definition
cranial pancreaticoduodenal
Term
What major branch of the aorta supplies the spinal cord and epaxial mm?
Definition
lumbar aa
Term
What major branch of the aorta supplies the midgut?
Definition
cranial mesenteric a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the transverse/descending colon and the left colic flexure?
Definition
middle colic a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the transverse/ascending colon and right colic flexure?
Definition
right colic a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the cecum, colon, and ileum?
Definition
ileocolic a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the descending duodenum and the right lobe of the pancreas?
Definition
caudal pancreaticoduodenal a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the jejunum?
Definition
jejunal a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the ileum?
Definition
ileal a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys?
Definition
renal a
Term
What major branch from the aorta supplies blood to the hindgut?
Definition
caudal mesenteric a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the descending colon?
Definition
left colic a
Term
What artery supplies blood to the rectum?
Definition
cranial rectal a
Term
What are the three major parts of the portal venous system?
Definition
-gastrodudenal v
-splenic v
-cranial mesenteric v
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