Term
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Definition
| basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma |
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Term
| Give characteristics of Basal Cell Carcinoma |
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Definition
| It occurs in germinative layer of the epidermis. If it is not removed, it can metastasize. Usually slow growing & usually easily removed/cured |
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Term
| Give characterisitics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
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Definition
Cells are changed in the middle part of the epidermis.
Usually easily removed/cured. |
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Term
| Give characteristics of Melanoma |
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Definition
Melanoma is caused by a change in the melanocytes.
Melanoma usually exhibits rapid growth. |
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Term
| Provide 5 functions of the Skeleton |
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Definition
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage areas (lipids & minerals)
5. Heopoiesis (red marrow) |
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Term
| Provide the definition of Histology |
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Definition
| a branch of anatomy that studies tissues at the microscopic level |
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Term
| Describe the Intercellular Substance of bones |
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Definition
Bone = osseous tissue
The Intercellular substance (or matrix) is made up of hydroxyapatite crystals (about 2/3 of the matrix) and collagenous fibers (the organic part). |
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Term
| List the 6 main parts of a Long Bone & briefly describe each one |
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Definition
1. Diaphysis = shaft
2. Epiphysis = extremity of bone
3. Articular cartilage = covers the epiphysis
4. Periosteum = covering around the surface of the bone.
5. Medullary Cavity = marrow cavity in the diaphysis
6. Endosteum = lines the medullary cavity |
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Term
A) What are the two layers of the periosteum?
B) Which of these two layers contains may osteoblasts? |
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Definition
A) Fibrous layer and Osteogenic layer
B) Osteogenic Layer |
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Term
A)Describe the pores of Bone Tissue
B)What type of bone has a high degree of porosity and what type has a low degree of porosity? Which has a higher blood supply? |
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Definition
A) The pores consist of living cells and create channels for blood vessels. Another function is to decrease the weight of the bone.
B)Spongy bone has a high degree of porosity and therefore a greater blood supply. Compact bone has a lower degree of porosity. |
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Term
A) What is another name of a Haversian System?
B) In which type of bone do you find Haversian Systems?
C) Describe the parts of a Haversian System? |
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Definition
A) an Osteon
B) Compact Bone
C)1.Volkmann's canals (the canals the transverse from one osteon to another)
2. Haversian Canals (aka central canals)
3. Lamellae
4. Lacunae
5. Canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of trabeculae (not haversian systems)
It is penetrated by blood vessels from the periosteum. |
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Term
| Describe the human embryonic skeleton. |
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Definition
It begins as cartilage and membranes.
Bone formation from this early skeleton begins at about 6 weeks after fertilization. |
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Term
| What are the two types of ossification? |
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Definition
1. Intramembranous ossification is bone formation from fibrous connective tissue.
2. Endochondral ossification is bone formation from cartilage. |
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Term
| Describe the 1st stage of ossification. |
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Definition
| In the 1st stage of ossification, embryonic mesenchyme cells migrate to future bone sites and become either chondroblasts or osteoblasts. |
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Term
| Describe Intramembranous Ossification. |
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Definition
| Intramembranous ossification occurs mostly in flat bones. Osteoblasts in the fibrous membrane secrete intercellular substances (aka matrix). This matrix becomes mineralized and forms spongy bone and the origianl layer of connective tissue remains as the periosteum. |
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Term
| Describe Endochondral Ossification. |
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Definition
| Endochondral Ossification occurs from hyaline cartilage and forms most of the bones of the body. The periosteum forms around this cartilage bone model at about 8 weeks. Calcification begins in the center of the diaphysis (aka primary ossification center). Secondary ossification the occurs at the center of the epiphyses. Finally the medullary cavity is formed. |
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Term
| Following endochondral ossification what happens to any remaining cartilage. |
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Definition
| Remaining cartilage becomes articular cartilage or epiphyseal plates (growth plates.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable state of equilibrium among the various parts of an organism. (ie your body maintaining a steady internal temperature is helping to maintain homeostasis) |
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Term
| What does remodeling of bone tissue have to do with maintaining homeostasis. |
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Definition
| There is a balance of osteoblasts (bone building cells) & osteoclasts (bone break-down cells) to maintain proper amounts of minerals(Ca2+ & P) and lipids in the blood. Osteoblasts stores these materials in the bones and Osteoclasts harvest them as needed by the body. This process of constant building and break-down of bone tissue is known as remodeling. |
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Term
| List the different chemicals that affect bone growth |
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Definition
1. Ca2+ and Phosphorous (P) in the diet
2. Vitamins A, C, & D (aka co-enzymes)
3. Hormones such as growth hormone, thyroxine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and sex hormones |
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Term
| List the four steps of Bone Fracture Repair. |
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Definition
1. Hematoma formation
2. Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus
3. Formation of bony callus
4. Remodeling of bony callus |
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Term
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Definition
| Scurvy is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C and characterized by spongy gums, loosening of the teeth, and a bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoporosis is a condition that affects especially older women and is characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and enlargement of bone spaces producing porosity and fragility |
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Term
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Definition
| Paget's Disease is a chronic disease in which the bones become enlarged, weak, and deformed. |
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Term
| What is a more common word for an Articulation of the body? |
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Definition
| An articulation is the same as a joint. |
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Term
| What are the 3 functional classes of joints? |
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Definition
| Synarthroses (immoveable), Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable), & Diarthroses (freely moveable) |
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