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Cabrillo Anatomy Chapter
Pam D'arcey Fall 2006
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/10/2006

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Term
3 types of skin cancer
Definition
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
Term
Give characteristics of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Definition
It occurs in germinative layer of the epidermis. If it is not removed, it can metastasize. Usually slow growing & usually easily removed/cured
Term
Give characterisitics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Definition
Cells are changed in the middle part of the epidermis.
Usually easily removed/cured.
Term
Give characteristics of Melanoma
Definition
Melanoma is caused by a change in the melanocytes.
Melanoma usually exhibits rapid growth.
Term
Provide 5 functions of the Skeleton
Definition
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage areas (lipids & minerals)
5. Heopoiesis (red marrow)
Term
Provide the definition of Histology
Definition
a branch of anatomy that studies tissues at the microscopic level
Term
Describe the Intercellular Substance of bones
Definition
Bone = osseous tissue
The Intercellular substance (or matrix) is made up of hydroxyapatite crystals (about 2/3 of the matrix) and collagenous fibers (the organic part).
Term
List the 6 main parts of a Long Bone & briefly describe each one
Definition
1. Diaphysis = shaft
2. Epiphysis = extremity of bone
3. Articular cartilage = covers the epiphysis
4. Periosteum = covering around the surface of the bone.
5. Medullary Cavity = marrow cavity in the diaphysis
6. Endosteum = lines the medullary cavity
Term
A) What are the two layers of the periosteum?
B) Which of these two layers contains may osteoblasts?
Definition
A) Fibrous layer and Osteogenic layer
B) Osteogenic Layer
Term
A)Describe the pores of Bone Tissue

B)What type of bone has a high degree of porosity and what type has a low degree of porosity? Which has a higher blood supply?
Definition
A) The pores consist of living cells and create channels for blood vessels. Another function is to decrease the weight of the bone.

B)Spongy bone has a high degree of porosity and therefore a greater blood supply. Compact bone has a lower degree of porosity.
Term
A) What is another name of a Haversian System?

B) In which type of bone do you find Haversian Systems?

C) Describe the parts of a Haversian System?
Definition
A) an Osteon

B) Compact Bone

C)1.Volkmann's canals (the canals the transverse from one osteon to another)
2. Haversian Canals (aka central canals)
3. Lamellae
4. Lacunae
5. Canaliculi
Term
Describe Spongy Bone.
Definition
Composed of trabeculae (not haversian systems)
It is penetrated by blood vessels from the periosteum.
Term
Describe the human embryonic skeleton.
Definition
It begins as cartilage and membranes.
Bone formation from this early skeleton begins at about 6 weeks after fertilization.
Term
What are the two types of ossification?
Definition
1. Intramembranous ossification is bone formation from fibrous connective tissue.
2. Endochondral ossification is bone formation from cartilage.
Term
Describe the 1st stage of ossification.
Definition
In the 1st stage of ossification, embryonic mesenchyme cells migrate to future bone sites and become either chondroblasts or osteoblasts.
Term
Describe Intramembranous Ossification.
Definition
Intramembranous ossification occurs mostly in flat bones. Osteoblasts in the fibrous membrane secrete intercellular substances (aka matrix). This matrix becomes mineralized and forms spongy bone and the origianl layer of connective tissue remains as the periosteum.
Term
Describe Endochondral Ossification.
Definition
Endochondral Ossification occurs from hyaline cartilage and forms most of the bones of the body. The periosteum forms around this cartilage bone model at about 8 weeks. Calcification begins in the center of the diaphysis (aka primary ossification center). Secondary ossification the occurs at the center of the epiphyses. Finally the medullary cavity is formed.
Term
Following endochondral ossification what happens to any remaining cartilage.
Definition
Remaining cartilage becomes articular cartilage or epiphyseal plates (growth plates.)
Term
Define Homeostasis.
Definition
a stable state of equilibrium among the various parts of an organism. (ie your body maintaining a steady internal temperature is helping to maintain homeostasis)
Term
What does remodeling of bone tissue have to do with maintaining homeostasis.
Definition
There is a balance of osteoblasts (bone building cells) & osteoclasts (bone break-down cells) to maintain proper amounts of minerals(Ca2+ & P) and lipids in the blood. Osteoblasts stores these materials in the bones and Osteoclasts harvest them as needed by the body. This process of constant building and break-down of bone tissue is known as remodeling.
Term
List the different chemicals that affect bone growth
Definition
1. Ca2+ and Phosphorous (P) in the diet
2. Vitamins A, C, & D (aka co-enzymes)
3. Hormones such as growth hormone, thyroxine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and sex hormones
Term
List the four steps of Bone Fracture Repair.
Definition
1. Hematoma formation
2. Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus
3. Formation of bony callus
4. Remodeling of bony callus
Term
What is Scurvy?
Definition
Scurvy is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C and characterized by spongy gums, loosening of the teeth, and a bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes
Term
What is Osteoporosis?
Definition
Osteoporosis is a condition that affects especially older women and is characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and enlargement of bone spaces producing porosity and fragility
Term
What is Paget's Disease?
Definition
Paget's Disease is a chronic disease in which the bones become enlarged, weak, and deformed.
Term
What is a more common word for an Articulation of the body?
Definition
An articulation is the same as a joint.
Term
What are the 3 functional classes of joints?
Definition
Synarthroses (immoveable), Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable), & Diarthroses (freely moveable)
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