Term
| If sheds 2,3 and 4 look mostly disease free, though shed 1 has an obvious disease burden and shed 4 houses older chickens, which order should the be visited in? |
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Definition
| Sheds 2 and 3 should be visited first, then shed 4 and finally shed 1 |
|
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Term
| Where should you post-mortem the birds? |
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Definition
| As far away from the sheds as practical. |
|
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Term
| What are some questions you should ask the farmer before stepping on farm? |
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Definition
- How old are the birds
- Layers/broilers/breeders
- Any recent changes management wise?
- Any alarming changes in trends?
- What do they think the problem is?
- Can they supply you with their records of morts/culls/production values
- Budget for consultation fees
- Getting them to do a SWOT analysis isn't a bad idea either |
|
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Term
| When walking through the sheds, is it ok to have a noticeable smell of ammonia? |
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Definition
| No, this is actually handy, because most people are able to smell ammonia at a PPM where it starts to become hazardous to the bird's health |
|
|
Term
| What sort of things should you be noticing about the farm (not the birds) during the visit? |
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Definition
- Biosecurity measures and how the workers adhere to them
- Lighting
- Temperature
- Pest control
- Litter quality (wetness, type etc)
- Dust levels |
|
|
Term
| What are some grossly visible signs of an unhealthy bird? |
|
Definition
- Isolation
- Hunched stance
- Ruffled feathers
- Eyes partially closed
- Paralysis of limbs or neck
- Joint swelling
- Lameness
- Injury
- Discolouration of wattle, comb or legs
- Skinny compared to others |
|
|
Term
| When should testing of birds, PMs, Live bird exams occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you take into account when trying to define the problem? |
|
Definition
- What? Disease or condition
- When? Does the disease occur?
- How? Is it linked to other things?
- Why? Who fucked up and can we fix it?
Drawing a *cringe* causal web isn't a bad idea |
|
|
Term
| How should you deliver your findings and advice? |
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Definition
| The findings should be written in a clear concise way that is easy for the farmer to understand. Break your advice up into short and long term solutions. Ideally a follow up should be done once the farmer has had time to implement the solutions. |
|
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Term
| What PM findings are associated with sallmonellosis? |
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Definition
| Caecal casts, congestion in the liver and lungs, multiple necrotic areas |
|
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Term
| What PM findings are associated with Acute death syndrome? |
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Definition
| Bird is in good condition with a full crop and intestine. The lungs will be odematous and the artium dilated. |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Ascites |
|
Definition
| Fluid in the abdomen, right side cardiac enlargement, shrunken liver and increased PCV |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Newcastle disease? |
|
Definition
| May be no lesions in peracute cases. Odema of the intersitital tissues of the face, comb, wattle and haemorrhagic trachea, proventriculus, necorsis of GIT and peticiation of the breast, myo cardium and serous linings |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Avian influenza? |
|
Definition
| In peracute cases, there may be no lesions. Subcut oedema, petechiates conjunctiva, trachea haemorrhage, peticiation of fat, serosal surfaces, peritoneum and ovaries, peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Fowl cholera? |
|
Definition
| Exudate in nasal passages and sinuses, airsacculitits, collapsed and reddened lungs |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with mycoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| Exudate in respiratory passages, pneumonia, airsacculitits |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with aspergillosis? |
|
Definition
| Yellow nodules and plaques in the lungs, air sacs and trachea, sporulation in the airsacs, metastatic foci in the brain and eyes, cheesy material in conjunctival sac |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Histomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| Circular depressed, white areas on liver, small ulcers on caeca |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Cholangiohepatits? |
|
Definition
| Jaundice, perihepatits, pericarditis, jaundices, friable liver |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with coccidiosis? |
|
Definition
| White lesions on serosal surfaces of GIT, location of the lesions can help narrow down to a specific spp |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with clostridium perfinges? |
|
Definition
| Thin walled, friable small intestine with necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Mareks disease? |
|
Definition
Nerve lesions, loss of striations, discolouration, odaema and enlagrement )compare siatic nerves)
Lymphoid tumors in the liver, spleen and mesentery. |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with avian encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| No visible lesions, histology required |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with avian encephalomalacia (Vit E deficecy)? |
|
Definition
| Petechial haemorrhages and necrosis of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with Infectious bursal disease? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration, haemorrhage of thigh and pectoral muscle, pale swollen kidneys, odeama anh haemorrhage of the bursa |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with INfectious anaemia? |
|
Definition
| Thymmic atrophy, bone marrow atrophy, oedmatous wings, pale liver, watery bloodt, haermorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What PM findings are associated with avian colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Airsacculitis, omphalitis (belly swollen, necrotic), infection of repro tract, synovitis and arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 primary lymphoid tissues in the bird |
|
Definition
Thymus - lobules associated with the jugular vein, atrophies around sexual maturation
Cloacal bursa - in the uhh cloaca? Also atrophies after sexual maturation |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphoid organ differentiates and maturates B cells? |
|
Definition
| Bursa (cloacal/fabricius - same thing) |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphoid organ differentiates and maturates T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the sites of the secondary lymphoid tissue in the bird. |
|
Definition
- Spleen
- Hardarian glands (conjunctiva of the lower eyelid)
- Caecal tonsils
- MALT - mucosal assoicated lymphoid tissue
- GALT - Gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue
- Lymphoid follicles in most organs
- Bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Does the chicken have lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In maternally derived passive immunity, where does IgY come from? |
|
Definition
| It is derived from the maternal circulation and transferred into the yolk sac and then to the chick's circulation |
|
|
Term
| In maternally derived passive immunity, where does IgA come from? |
|
Definition
| It is secreted in the oviduct and accumulates in the albumin, it is absorbed by the chick's digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
| How long do passive antibodies persist for? |
|
Definition
| Until 3-4 weeks post hatching |
|
|
Term
| What are the physical barriers of the immune system? |
|
Definition
Feathers
Skin
Cilliary movement of the resp tract
Mucosal microflora |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
Phagocytic cells (granulocytes, macrophages, complement, thrombocytes, natural killer cells)
Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils
Complement cascade (classical, alternate, lectin)
Natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the adaptive (acquired) immunity? |
|
Definition
| The antigen specific immunity, mediated by B and T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why is ventilation important? |
|
Definition
| To help control factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality (dust, ammonia, carbon monoxide) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main types on housing and ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Natural, powered (minimum ventilation, transitional ventilation, tunnel ventilation) |
|
|
Term
| Tell me about natural ventilation. |
|
Definition
Houses are open sided, with curtains that can be raised or lowered
Requires 24hr management and monitoring
Fans, foggers, and misters can be used to help cool |
|
|
Term
| What are the main features of minimum ventilation systems? |
|
Definition
| Timer driven ventilation to maintain air quality and temperature. Mainly used for young chicks, night time or winter ventilation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main features of transitional ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Used when a higher than minimum rate of air flow is required and when the outside temperature is not 6 degrees higher or lower than the required shed temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What is tunnel ventilation? |
|
Definition
| The shed is closed and cooling is achieved through high velocity airflow, wind chill factor of between 0.7-1.4 degrees. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the litter in a shed? |
|
Definition
| Bedding, excreta, feathers, feed, water waste |
|
|
Term
| What are the qualities of good litter? |
|
Definition
| Friable, dry, absorbent, light weight, uniform consistency, biosecure |
|
|
Term
| WHat are some reasons for poor litter quality? |
|
Definition
Drinker design
Ventilation
High salt or protein diets
High stocking density
Diarrhoea
high humidity
Poor quality litter
shallow litter |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems that can occur as a result of poor litter quality? |
|
Definition
Litter is too wet:
Foot and breast ulcers
Scabbing and bruising
Proliferation of pathogenic organisms (sallmanellosis and e coli, coccidiosis and moulds)
Litter is too dry:
High dust levels (dehydration and resp problems) |
|
|
Term
| What are some common endemic diseases of chickens? |
|
Definition
Coccidosis
Marek's disease
Infectous bursal disease
Infectous bronchitis
fowl pox
Salmonella
Chicken anaemia virus
Egg drop syndrome
Newcastle's disease
Mycoplasma
Fowl adenovirus
Infectious laryngotrachitis |
|
|
Term
| Which endemic diseases CANNOT be vaccinated for? |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma and coccidiosis |
|
|
Term
| What are immunodiagnostics? |
|
Definition
| Tests that use antigen:antibody binding to generate a measurable result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma glycoproteins (Ig's) that are generated in response to a specific antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance that causes the body to produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the antigen that is bound to the antibody |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the body to produce detectable levels of antibodies? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 weeks, if negative, test 2 weeks later to give Ab time to develop |
|
|
Term
| Are test results from different laboratories comparable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of most lameness problems in a well managed broiler flock? |
|
Definition
| Developmental abnormalities of leg bones and joints |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of lameness in broiler flocks? |
|
Definition
Developmental/congenital
Joint infections - Staph aureus and E.coli caecorum |
|
|
Term
| What can cause an exacerbation of infectious lameness? |
|
Definition
| Fast and excessive growth |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of arthritis/synovitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes arthritis/synovitis in chickens? |
|
Definition
| Reovirus, most common in 4-16 week old chickens |
|
|
Term
| In association to lameness, what does BCO stand for? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial Chondoncrosis and osteomelitits |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common bacterial pathogen implicated in BCO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the infection typically enter the joint? |
|
Definition
| There is mechanial damage to the developing bone, leading to colonisation of the oestochonondrial clefts by an oppertunitic pathogen. This infection is not noticed by the immune system. Pathogen entry is then facilitated by epithelial damage, allowing entry of pathogenic bacteria (most commonly Staph aureus). |
|
|
Term
| Why does rapid growth play a role in lameness? |
|
Definition
| It is belived that the limbs do not mature fast enough compared with the rest of the body, leading to an increase in mechanical damage to the osetochondrial clefts |
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