Term
| Stallion fertility is dependent upon what three things? |
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Definition
-libido
-mating ability
-semen quality |
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Term
| Describe the physical exam for BSE in the stallion. |
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Definition
-evaluate general health of the stallion at time of exam
-look for abnormalities that may be potentially genetic or adversely affect the stallion's ability to service mares
-examine vision, locomotor, and CV systems as well as repro tract |
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Term
| Where do we look for pain on a equine BSE physical exam? |
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Definition
-epaxial muscle soreness
-hock pain
-sacral pain
-poorly maintained feet |
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Term
| Describe how we examine the testicle during a stallion BSE. |
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Definition
-testicular orientation
-testicular dimensions
-scrotal skin thickness
-testicular size, orientation, consistency |
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Term
| When do we examine the penis during a stallion's BSE? |
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Definition
| -immediately after the stallion has ejaculated |
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Term
| What do we examine on the exam of the penis during a stallion's BSE? |
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Definition
-urethral fossa (bean removal)
-glans adn shaft for lacerations or irritation |
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Term
| Why do we bother with testicular dimensions? How do we take these measurements? |
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Definition
-values and calculations are used to predict number of sperm that the testicle should be capable of producing compared to actual number of sperm produced (testicle efficiency)
-measure via calipers and US |
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Term
| What are testicular dimensions used to determine? |
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Definition
| -(h/w/l) used to determine the estimated Daily Sperm OUtput by using a series of equaitons |
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Term
| What do we look at while doing an US exam of stallion's testicles for BSE? |
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Definition
-echogenicity
-masses
-hematomas
-inflammation
-fluid accumulation
-testicular degeneratin |
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Term
| What should a stallion's testicles look like on US? |
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Definition
| -testicular parenchyma should be homogenous, uniform, and boring |
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Term
| If we see one testicle is significantly darker than the other, what are we probably going to do? Clinical impact? |
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Definition
-hemicastration due to mass
-does NOT end breeding career b/c single testicle left will hypertrophy to compensate |
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Term
| What are our two options if we see scrotal fluid on US? |
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Definition
-HYdrocele (serous)
-Hematocele (hemorrhage) |
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Term
| What are the possible causes of hydrocele in the scrotum of a stallion? Concerns? |
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Definition
-may occur during times of high ambient temp
-may be associated with inc in peritoneal fluid
-Concern: cause inc in heat within scrotum => issues in sperm quality |
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Term
| What are the possible causes of a hematocele in the scrotum of a stallion? Concerns? |
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Definition
-hemoperitoneum or trauma
-long term inc in heat causes issues with sperm quality |
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Term
| What is the value of transrectal palpation and US in stallions? |
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Definition
-evaluation of accessory sex glands on US
-evaluation of inguinal rins |
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Term
| What clinical problems are more frequently recognized in the stallion utilizing transrectal palpation & US? |
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Definition
-sperm accumulation syndrome: will get a plug and the sperm accumulates/degenerates in the ampulla
-vesiculitis
-uterine masculinis enlargement (occlusions) |
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Term
| What cultures do we take during a stallion's BSE? |
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Definition
-pre-ejac urethra
-pre-ejac penile shaft
-pre-ejac fossa glandis
-post-ejac urethra
-raw semen |
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Term
| What are the infectious causes of infertility that can be seen on a stallion's BSE cultures? |
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Definition
-Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
-P. aeruginosa
-Klebsiella aeruginosa
-EVA (sperm rich)
-EHV-3 (coital exanthema) |
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Term
| Why do we not use soap when we wash a stallion's penis? |
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Definition
| -kills off normal flora and sperm |
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Term
| How do we evaluate sperm motility? What do we count? |
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Definition
-under a microscope
-total motility: any sperm cells that show any movement
-progressive motility: sperm cells that are actively moving forward or in large circles |
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Term
| At what dilution are estimations best? |
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Definition
| -when ejaculate is diluted to 25 million sperm/ml |
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Term
| What steps do we take with our equipment before we perform a microscopic exam of sperm motility? |
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Definition
| -semen, slides, and cover slips are warmed |
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Term
| What is morhplogy eval of sperm?- |
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Definition
| -assessment of individual sperm cells for structural abnormalities |
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Term
| True or False: Stallion semen in general have a higher percentage of normal cells than most domestic species. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, have 50-60% lower normal cells than most domestic species |
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Term
| What are the 3 most common stains for evaluation of semen morphology? |
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Definition
-Eosin-nigrosin stain
-Diff-Quik: Modified Wright-Giemsa stain
-Buffered formalin |
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Term
| What are the guidelines for pass-fail BSE according to the Society for Theriogenology? |
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Definition
| -a stallion must have the ability to ejaculate at least 1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa (PMMNS) in the second ejaculat (1 hour after the first) |
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