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BSC2086
Yung Su
123
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/28/2013

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Term
Afferent Division
Definition
Receptors detect
Sensory neurons relay
Sensory pathways (nerves, nuclei, and tracts) deliver to CNS
Term
Efferent Division
Definition
Nuclei (Cell bodies of motor neurons)
Motor tracts and nerves carry commands to effectors
Term
Effectors
Definition
Muscles and glands that carry out reactions
Term
Sensory receptors
Definition
Sensory cells, pass info to CNS via action potentials (change in charges)
Term
Sensory pathways
Definition
Nerves (axon bundles in PNS)
Nuclei (cell bodies in CNS)
Tracts (axon bundles in CNS)
Term
Somatic Motor Portion of Efferent Division
Definition
Controls peripheral effectors
Term
Somatic Motor commands
Definition
Travel from motor centers in brain via somatic motor pathway (motor nuclei, tracts, nerves)
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Control skeletal muscles
Term
General Senses
Definition
Whole body senses
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Body position and movements
Term
Sensation vs Perception
Definition
Sensory info vs how our brain perceives the info
Term
Special Senses
Definition
Olfaction, Vision, Gustation, Equilibrium, Hearing

Special sensory receptors!
Term
Receptor Specificity
Receptor Field
Definition
-Each rec has specific sensitivity
-Area monitored by one receptor (bigger area, harder localization)
Term
Labeled line
Definition
Link b/w receptor and cortical neuron
Carries only ONE modality
Term
Adaptation
Definition
Reduced sensitivity to constant stimulus
Term
Tonic Receptors
Definition
Active 24/7,
Little periph adapt
Slow adapting
Term
Phasic Receptors
Definition
Normally inactive
Fast adapting
Only active for short time
Term
Frequency, pattern and location in CNS..
Definition
affect perception of stimulus
Term
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors
Definition
External envir
Body position (somatic only)
Organ functions
Term
4 types of general sensory receptors
Definition
Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
Pain
Are common: Skin, joints, bone, blood vessel walls
Two types of axons: Type A, Type C
Term
Type A fibers
Definition
Myelinated- fast!
Term
Type C fibers
Definition
Not Myelinated- slow
Not easy to localize
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Temp
Dermis, muscles, liver, hypothalamus
Same pathway as pain sensation (reticular formation, thalamus, primary sensory cortex)
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Respond to plama membrane distortion
Mechanically gated ion channels open/close.
-Tactile
-Baro
-Proprio
Term
Six Tactile Receptors
Definition
-Free nerve (skin cells, tonic)
-Root hair plexus (rapid)
-Tactile/Merkel disc (Fine touch; tonic, easy localiz.)
-Tactile/Meissner's corpuscles (fine touh; lips, fingertips, nipples, genitalia) Bumpy
-Lamellated/Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure; fast adapt) Circle!
- Ruffini corpuscles (Deep, no adaptation) muscle-y fiber
Term
3 groups of proprioceptors
Definition
Muscle Spindles (Muscle length, stretch/flex)
Golgi Tendon Organs (Tendon tension in contraction)
Receptors in joint capsules (Free nerve end at joint)
Term
Chemoreceptor
Definition
Respond to water and lipid soluble substances
Central & Peripheral adaptation
In: Carotid and aortic bodies
Term
3 Somatic Pathways
Definition
Spinothalamic- crude touch
Spinocerebellar- proprioception
Posterior column pathway- fine touch
Term
Referred pain
Definition
Liver/gall-> R shoulder
Heart -> L arm
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Involuntary- smooth muscle
Visceral
Term
Motor damage
Definition
upper motor- spastic paralysis
lower motor- flaccid paralysis
Term
Cranial and Spinal Reflexes
Definition
Control basic motor activities
Term
Integrative centers in brain
Definition
Elaborate processing
Medulla oblongata -> Cerebral cortex
Term
Primary motor cortex
Definition
Most complex and variable motor activities
Term
Neurons of the primary motor cortex
Definition
Stimulate skeletal muscles
Term
Higher brain centers
Definition
Suppress/facilitate reflex responses
Term
Reflexes
Definition
Can complement/increase voluntary movements
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Definition
Degenerative motor neuron disorder
Term
Olfactory layers
Definition
Olfactory Epithelium: Receptors, supporting cells, stem cells
Lamina propria: Areolar tissue, vessels, nerves, mucous glands
Term
Olfactory reception and transmission
Definition
Dissolved chemicals bind to recept, action potentials through axons penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid, reach olfactory bulbs then travel to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system
NO THALAMUS
Stem/basal cells replace olfactory receptors
Term
Gustation
Definition
Taste buds, lingual papillae
Term
3 Types of Lingual Papillae
Definition
Filiform (Friction)
Fungiform (5 Taste buds)
Circunvallate (100 taste buds)
Term
Taste bud makeup
Definition
Basal cells
Gustatory cells (taste hairs through pores, survive 10 days)
Cranial nerves-> M.O.-> Thalamus -> Primary sensory cortex
Term
4 Primary Taste Sensations
Definition
Sweet: G protein
Salty: ion channel
Sour: ion channel
Bitter: G protein

Add-
Umami: G Protein
Water

Sour and bitter are stronger.
Term
Eye structures
Definition
Palpabrae (eyelid) & Tarsal glands (eyeline, secrete lipid product)
Medial Canthus (corner of eye
Lacrimal caruncle (sleep)
Lacrimal gland (tears & lysosyme)
Lacrimal apparatus (removes tears)
Conjunctiva
Term
Tear pathway
Definition
Collect in lacrimal lake
Lacrimal punta
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Inferior meatus of nose
Term
Eyeball
Definition
Large post. cavity (vitreous humor)
Small ant. cavity (aqueous humor)
- anterior and posterior chamber
Term
3 layers of eye
Definition
Out: Fibrous (Cornea, Sclera, Corneal Limbus)
Mid: Vascular - controls shape (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
Deep: Inner (pigmented keeps light, neural- photoreception)
Term
How do eyes dilate/constrict?
Definition
Pupillary dilator muscles contract to dilate eye.
Pupillary constrictor muscles contract to constrict the eye.
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Rods- night time, doesnt discriminate light colors
Cones- color vision, densely clustered in fovea (RBG)
(Vitamin A!)
Term
Bipolar cells
Definition
Allow rods and cones to synapse with ganglion cells
Term
Horizontal and Amacrine cells
Definition
Alter retina sensitivity
Term
Optic Disc
Definition
Origin of optic nerve, blind spot
Term
Canal of Schlemm
Definition
Scleral venous sinus- diffuses aqueous humor
Term
Ciliary muscle:Lens relationship
Definition
Contract: Lens rounded
Relax: lens flattened
Term
Vision categories
Definition
Emmetropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Nyctalopia
Term
Visual pathway
Definition
Photoreceptors->Bipolar cell->Ganglion-> Visual cortex of Cerebral Hemispheres
Term
Ear anatomy
Definition
External: Auricle, Meatus
Middle: TM, ossicles
Internal: Oval window, Cochlea, Labyrinth, Semicircular canals, Vestible, Auditory tube
Term
Ossicles
Definition
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
Term
Defense against loud noises
Definition
Tensor tympani, Stapedius
Term
Endolymph
Perilymph
Definition
Fluid in membranous labyrinth
Fluid in Bony labyrinth
Term
Vestibule vs Semicircular canals
Definition
V: Gravity/linear accel
SC: Rotation
Term
Hair cells
Definition
Hearing and equilibrium
Term
Maculae
Definition
Oval structures where hair cells cluster
Term
Otolith
Definition
gelatinous matric with calcium carbonate crystals on surface
- bends stereocilia, altering hair cells
Term
Where are the macula and otolith located
Definition
Utricle and saccule (Vestibula)
Term
Vestibule made up of:
Definition
Utricle, sacccule, ampulla (cupula, hair cells, stereocilia, kinocilium), macula
Term
Equilibrium pathways
Definition
Vestibular ganglia-> Vestibucochlear nerve-> Vestibular nuclei-> Cerebellum/Cerebral cortex/Vestibulospinal tracts
Term
Sound perception
Definition
Frequency: which part of cochlea is stimulated
Volume: number of hair cells stimulated
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, Basilar membrane, scala tympani, tectorial membrane
Term
Sound transduction
Definition
Air pressure, Vibration of TM, oval window, Scala V/T, round window bulge, basilar membrane, hair cells move, vestibularcochlear nerves, medulla oblongata, ventral cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculi
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Production of ADH, oxytocin, and
regulatory hormones
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Anterior: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH,
and MSH

Posterior: Release of oxytocin and ADH
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
Melatonin
Term
Parathyroid gland
Definition
Posterior thyroid: PTH
Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
t3, t4, Calicitonin
Term
Adrenal gland
Definition
Adrenal medulla: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol, Corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Insulin, Glucagon
Term
Heart
Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Bran NP
Term
Thymus
Definition
Thymosins
Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
Leptin
Term
Digestive Tract
Definition
Metabolism, appetite
Term
Kidneys
Definition
Erythropoietin
Calcitrol
Term
Gonads
Definition
Androgens (especially testosterone),
Inhibin

Estrogens, progestins
Term
Direct communication
Definition
Adjacent cells
Term
Paracrine communication
Definition
Single tissue (most common)
Term
Endocrine commun
Definition
Blood stream
Term
Synaptic communication
Definition
Fast reaction, specific area
Term
Hormones
Definition
Amino Acid
Peptide
Lipid
Term
AA- Tyrosine derivatives
Definition
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
Term
AA- Tryptophan derivatives
Definition
Serotonin, Melatonin
Term
Peptide Hormones
Definition
(prohormones, inactive converted to active)
Glycoproteins: TSH LH FSH
Short chain: ADH, Oxytocin
Small proteins: GH
Term
Lipid derivatives
Definition
Prostaglandins-> Thromboxanes and prostacyclins
Steroid hormones:
Androgens, estrogens, progestins
Corticosteroids
Kidneys
Term
Free hormones vs hormones in carrier proteins
Definition
1. Short, absorbed by liver/kidneys
2. Thyroid/steroid : Longer, bound to protein
Term
Lipid soluble or not??
Definition
Catecholamines (AA) and Peptide : NO
Eicosanoids, steroids: YES
Term
cAMP
cGMP
Calcium ions
Definition
Second messengers
-ATP
-GTP
Term
G proteins
Definition
Work with adenylate cyclase to cause chain rxn
Open calcium channels
Term
Intracellular hormones affect..
Definition
rate of DNA transcription
Term
Endocrine reflexes triggered by.
Definition
Humoral stimuli (extracellular fluids)
Hormonal stimuli (Arrival/removal of hormone)
Neural stimuli (Arrival of neurotransmitters)
Term
What provides highest level of endocrine control?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Hypophysis
Definition
Pituitary gland (Sphenoid bone, sellar diaphragm locks it into place. Inferior to hypothalamus)
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
Anterior pituitary
Hormones support other organs/turn on endocrine glands

TSH- thyroid
ACTH- stimulates adrenal gland
FSH-follicle&estrogen
LH- ovulation, estrogens
GH
Prolactin
Term
Pituitary transport
Definition
Capillary networks
Portal system- need reg factors to reach target cells before circulation
Term
Hypothalamic reg hormones
Definition
Releasing
Inhibiting
Secretion controlled by negative feedback!
Term
Neurohypophysis
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Unmyelinated hypotalamic neurons
Oxytocin
ADH- Keeps water in by concentrating urine
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
t3, t4, calcitonin (lowers ca2+)
-TSH -> Goiters
HEAT PRODUCTION
Term
Calorigenic effect
Definition
Cell consumes more energy, increase heat generation
Term
Parathyroid Gland
Definition
PTH (increases Ca2+ levels; stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts)
Term
Adrenal glands
Definition
Superior to kidneys
Steroids (aldosterone, testosterone, corticosterone)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Conserves Na+ and eliminates K+
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
Melatonin
Term
Pancreas
Definition
exo and exocrine cells
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: Insulin
Term
Calcitrol
Definition
Calcium reabsorption
Term
EPO
Definition
Red blood cell productions
Term
Angiotensin II
Definition
Release water into the blood, increase b volume and pressure
Term
ANP/BNP
Definition
Decrease blood volume and pressure
Term
Thymus
Definition
Immune
Term
Gonad
Definition
Reprod
Term
Leptin
Definition
Adipose tissue secretion
Appetite control
Term
Hormone interactions
Definition
Antagonistic
Synergistic (additive)
Permissive (one necessary for other)
Integrative (Complementive)
Term
Hormonal stress response
Definition
GAS

1. Alarm (Fight/flight)
2. Resistance (Mobilization of reserves)
3. Exhaustion (Collapse of organs)
Term
Hormal behavior effects
Definition
Precocious puberty
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