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BrittonAP1Final
Britton ASUB
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Skeletal Muscle

 

Struc Control Location

Definition

Control: Voluntary

 

 

 

 

Structure: striated unbranched fibers, peripheral nuclei, syncytial.

 

Location: attached to skeleton

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

Cardiac Muscle

 

Struc Control Location

Definition

Control: Involuntary

 

Structure: weakly striated, branching fibers, central nuclei,

               intercalated discs.

 

Location: Heart and bases of large arteries

Term

 

Visceral Muscle

 

Struc Control Location

Definition

Control: Involuntary

 

Struc: unstriated, central nuclei (one per cell), individual spindle

         shaped cell

 

Location: in walls of hollow organs

Term

 

Endochondral Ossification

Definition

bone deposition w/n preexisting fetal hyaline cartilage

 

forms endochondral (replaces inside cartilage) bone

Term

 

Intramembranous Ossification

Definition

bone deposition in membrane w/o pre-existing cartilage

 

i.e. roof of skull, facial bones, frontals, parietals, nasals

 

forms membranous (dermal) bone

Term

 

Classes of Organic Compounds

 

 

 

c l a n  

Definition

Carbohydrates: sugars ie glucose

 

Lipids: lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, steroids, prostoglandins 

          ie Vit D

 

Amines & Proteins: amino acids, histamines, catecholamines   

                            ie epinephrine

 

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ie DNA

Term

 

Functions of Integument

Definition

Protection: stratum corneum is a barrier to most pathogens and

                produces lysozyme (lysol)

 

Prevents H2O Loss: keratinized s.c. makes skin relatively

                            impermeable to H2O

 

Thermoregulation: through sweat, vaso X or O, direct

                           convection/conduction.

 

Synthesis of Vit D: formed in dehydrocholesterol when UV light

                           hits skin

Term

 

Functions of Skeleton

Definition

 

  • Support: rigidity resist gravity
  • Musc anchors: forms levers for musc locomotion and mvt.
  • Protection: of internal organs ie skull/ribs
  • Storage: Ca & P reserves
  • Hemopoiesis: in red marrow (myeloid tissue)
  • Respiration: ribs help produce negative pressure in thorax
Term

 

Functional Neurons

Definition
  • Sensory: xmit sens impulses fr receptors to CNS.
  • Interneurons: conx sens & motor w/n CNS
  • Motor: xmit impulses from CNS to effectors ie muscles/glands
Term

 

Metabolism

Definition
  • sum of all chemical rxns and processes in the body
  • Anabolic: syntesis rxns require energy input (anabolic steroids)
  • Catabolic: breakdown rxns produce energy (thyroxine)
Term

 

Nucleotide Subunits

Definition
  • 5 C sugar
  • 1 Phospate
  • nitrogen base ATCG (U)
Term

 

DNA vs. RNA

Definition
  • deoxy ribose vs. ribose
  • double strand vs. single strand
  • thyamine vs. uracil
Term

 

Levels of Protein Struc

Definition
  • Primary: amino acid sequence genetically determined from DNA
  • Secondary: strand randomly twisted into helix or Β pleated sheets.
  • Tertiary: complex 3D shape due to R struc
  • Quaternary: several stranded complete protein
Term

 

Protein Denaturation

Definition

disruption of 3rd or 4th struc

 

heat/chem alters protein properties often leaving it useless

 

Term

 

Cartilage Types

Definition
  • Hyaline: costal, trachea, fetal skeleton
  • Elastic: ear auricle, epiglottis
  • Fibrocartilage: intrevertrebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee
Term

 

Muscle Contraction

 

(bouton to sarcolemma)

Definition
  • Action Potential arrives at bouton
  • opens Ca++ gates and Ca++ rushes in
  • synaptic vesicles in bouton fuse w mem.
  • release ACh into synapse
  • ACh diffuses across and binds w receptor
  • ions flow through membrane and change charge
Term

 

Muscle Contraction

 

(sarcolemma to ctrx)

Definition
  • AP runs across sarcolemma and down transverse tubules
  • AP in t.tubules cause release of Ca++ from SR
  • Ca++ concentration threshold = 1.0x10-6 M
  • Ca++ binds to troponin on tmyosin on actin
  • Tropomyosin shifts and opens crossbridge binding sites for myosin heads
  • Contraction is sustained while ATP and Stim is available
Term

 

Telencephalon

Definition

Cerebrum: personality, higher order emotions, reason & analytics, learning &memory, spatial & artistic, speech & language, visual processing


Olfactory Bulbs: receive and process incoming olfactory impulses to provide sense of smell

Term

 

Diencephalon

Definition

Epithalamus: produces and regulates melatonin

 

Thalamus: short term memory and awareness of tactile stim

 

Hypothalamus: ♥, gastrointestinal/feeding, thermoreg, osmoreg, sleep/wakefulness, sex, emotion, endocrine

Term

 

Mesencephalon

Definition

Corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi - visual reflex, inferior colliculi - auditory reflex

 

Motor Nuclei: red-conx cerebellum to percentral gyrus, subtantia nigra-dopaminergic inhibs invol mot spasms

 

Cerebral Peduncles: conx cerebrum to lower brain via thalamus

Term

 

Metencephalon

Definition

Cerebellum: coordinates complex learned motor patterns and maintains equilibrium during

 

Pons: links cerebellar hems(vermis), cerebrum to medulla via thalamus(middle peduncles), chewing, eye & face mvt, hearing, equilibrium, speech. apneustic(interrupts) and pneumotaxic (stim resp)

Term

 

Myelencephalon

 

(medulla oblongata)

Definition

nuclei emergent of C nerves 8-12

Vital Functions:
Cardiac: ctrls ♥ rate, strength. ctrld by cvc of hypothalamus
Vasomotor: ctrls vaso X/O. cvc of hypothalamus
Repirator Rhymicity: ctrls rhythm of in&expiration. rate ctrld by A&P of pons.

nerve path from brain to body. nerves cross over.

 

 

Term

 

Struc of Mitochondrion

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Fluid mosaic model Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Fluid Mosaic Model

 

Notes

Definition
  • membrane consist of fluid lipid bilayer w/ a mosaic of imbedded proteins
  • Lipids: phospho & cholesterol 1:1
  • Protiens: (cream) channel, receptor*, enzyme, adhesion, marker*

* oligosaccharides aid funct

Term

 

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

 



  8  saccular=acinar

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Location of Exocrine Glands

Definition
  • simple tubular: intestinal glands
  • simple branched tubular: gastric glands
  • simple coiled tubular: eccrine sweat glands
  • simple acinar: seminal vesicles
  • simple branched acinar: sebaceous glands
  • compound tubular: bulbourethral glands
  • compound acinar: mammary glands
  • compound tubuloacinar: pancreas
Term

 

Xsec of Skin

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Skeletal Musc Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Cardaic Musc Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Visceral Musc Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Lamellar Bone Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Hyaline Cartilage Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Elastic Cartliage Struc

Definition
Term

 

Fibrocartilage Struc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Peripheral Nervous System

Definition
  • all nerves and ganglia outside cns
  • 12 pair cranial
  • 31 pair spinal
Term

 

C I

 

Olfactory

Definition

strictly sensory

 

small nervelets pass thru cribriform foramina

impulses from o.epith to o.bubls=smell

Term

 

C II

 

Optic

Definition

strictly sensory

 

retina → visual cortex in occipital lobe

depth perception from two eyes at different angle

partial descussation fuses vision field

Term

 

Partial Descussation

of Optic Nerve

Definition
Term

 

C III

 

Oculomotor

Definition

mixed (motor always mixed w/ sensory) with autonomic fib

 

innervates 4/6 extrinsic eye musc

(superior medial & inferior rectus, inferior oblique)

 

inn. levator palpabrae superioris

 

autonomic: iris & ciliary body

Term

 

C IV

 

Trochlear

Definition

small mixed

 

inn. superior oblique

Term

 

C V

 

Trigeminal

Definition

large mixed

 

Sensory: touch temp & pain from face, scalp, ears, neck,

oral cav. anterior 2/3 tongue

 

Motor: mastication: masseter, temporalis, mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric

Term

 

C VI

 

Abducens

Definition

small mixed

 

inn. extrinsic nerve = lateral rectus

Term

 

C VII

 

Facial

Definition

large mixed. w/ autonomic

 

Sensory: taste buds anterior 2/3

 

Motor: posterior belly of digastric, musc of facial expression

 

Autonomic: submandibular & sublingual salivary glands

Term

 

Bell's Palsy

Definition

ideopathic inflammation of fac nerves

 

causes partial paralysis of fac musc

 

Tx: corticosteroids to reduce inflam but usually resolves w/o Tx in a few weeks

Term

 

C VIII

 

Vestibulocochlear

Definition

strictly sensory

 

vestibular: equilibrium

 

cochlear: hearing

Term

 

C IX

 

Glossopharyngeal

Definition

 

mixed. w/autonomic

 

Sensory: touch temp pain taste of posterior 1/3 tongue and anterior pharynx

 

Motor: pharyngeal musc involved w swallowing

 

Auto: parotid (near ear) salivary glands

 

Term

 

C X

 

Vagus

Definition

large mixed. w/ autonomic

 

Motor: phary & laryngeal musc involved w/ swallowing speech & diaphragm

 

Auto: most organs of thoracic & abdomnial cavity (weo of distal 1/2 colon & rectum)

Term

 

C XI

 

Spinal Accessory

Definition

mixed

 

Motor: branchiomeric musc of pharynx ie stylohyoid, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

Term

 

C XI

 

Hypoglossal

Definition

mixed

 

Motor: intrinsic (linguis proprius) & extrinsic (hypoglossus) tongue musc

Term

 

Spinal Nerves

Definition

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

 

all mixed

most carry all 4 types

Term

 

Branching of Spinal Nerves

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Autonomic Motor

vs.

CNS Motor

Definition

somatic motor n. conx direct from CNS to effector

 

autonomic m.n. must synapse w a ganglionic neuron outside CNS& ganglionic n sends fib to effector

 

gives rise to myelinated pregang and unmyel postgang

 

Term

 

Nerve Plexes

Definition

large musc receive fib from several spinal nerves

 

nerves branch from origin & unite w/ nerves from diff level to common destination

 

Major plexes: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

Term

 

Reflex Arcs

Definition

shortest neural pathway linking receptor & effector

 

allows rapid response w/o higher brain input

simplest= monosynaptic


monosynaptic= simplest


polysynaptic= ipsilateral, contralateral, intersegmental

Term

 

Monosynaptic

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Ipsilateral

 

ie withdrawl

 

same side same level

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Contralateral

 

ie crossed extensor

 

same level diff side

Definition
Term

 

Intersegmental

 

 

Definition

sends fibers up or down cord to diff level

 

ie: trip reflex

Term

 

ANS: Visceral Efferent

Definition

aka autonomic motor

 

effectors whose axn is typically not under concious ctrl

 

ie cardiac/visceral musc glands

Term

 

Life of a cardiac musc impulse

 

Definition
  • imp. originates in patch of c musc in wall of Right Atrium = Sinoatrial Node
  • imp travels thru atria& ctrx then hits atrioventricular node
  • slight pause to allow full atrial ctrx
  • imp travels down Bundle of His to Bundle Branches & along Purkinje fibers and ventricles contract
  • cycle repeats
Term

 

Ctrl of SA node

Definition

extrinsically ctrld by

 

Nervous: autonom inn to SA node

 

Hormonal: thru adrenal secretion

 

Term

 

Visceral Musc

Definition

Single unit: Many gap junct, ctrx as a unit over large area, has pacemaker potential, found in gi tract/arterioles etc.

 

Multiunit: few gap junct, require individual stim for ctrx, requires outside nervous input (no pacemaker potential), loc. in large arteries, arrector pili etc.

Term

 

Synapse en Passant

Definition

no neuromuscular junct in visceral musc

 

autonomic fib run through the musc mass

 

when impulses run down the fiber, nxrs are released from varicosities

 

receptors scattered on musc cell surface

Term

 

Synapse en passant

 

diagram

Definition
Term

 

Myosin fib of visc musc

Definition

myosin fib are very long

 

increases extensibility

 

no striations

Term

Sturc of ANS:

 

Sympathetic

Definition

aka thoracolumbar division bc its pregang fibs leave CNS thru spinal nerves T1-L2

 

 

2 sets of ganglia

Term

 

Paravertebral Ganglia

 

(chain)

Definition

sympathetic trunk on either side of vertebral column

 

pregang fib synapse in these: ganglionic neuron sens a postgang fib back along the gray ramus to the spinal nerve & along the dorsal or ventral ramus to sympathetic effectors in body wall

Term

 

Prevertebral Ganglia

 

(collateral)

Definition

lie along viscrea

 

pregang fib that synapse here: gang neuron sends fib to an autonomic effector in viscrea ie heart or smooth musc of GI or resp tract

 

3 major: celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric

Term

 

Adrenal Medulla

Definition

modified sympathetic ganglion

 

in response to stim resulting from sudden fright/stress it releases catecholamines

 

causes system wide sympathetic activation

Term

 

Fight or Flight

Definition

system wide sympathetic activation in response to catecholamines.


causes increse in: heart rate and strength, blood glucose, increase in resp rate and bronchial O, vasoO to skel musc and vasoX elsewhere.


also decreased salivation, diaphoresis (cold sweat). maybe micturation or defacation.

Term

 

Parasympathetic

Definition

aka craniosacral division bc leaves C nerves 3,7,9,10 and sacral nerves S2-S4

 

pregang synapse in terminal gang near or w/n target effector

ie ciliary (C III) or otic (C IX)

Term

 

Parasympathetic of C X and Sacral

Definition

C X (vagus): synapse w/ gang neuron w/n target effectors. innervate heart, resp, and most abdominal organs.

 

Sacral: pregang=same thing & innervate distal 1/2 of colon, rectum and urogenital tract

Term

 

Autonomic NXR and receptors

 

pre vs post

Definition

all PREgang=cholinergic

 

POSTgang varies: some symp fib=cholinergic ie those to sweatglands and some blood vessels

most symp fib=adrenergic (use norepi)

 

all parasymp post are cholinergic

Term

 

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Definition

bind w/ ACh and nicotine

 

found at autonom ganglionic synapses & neuromuscular junct.

 

curarae (alkaloid from S American vine) blocks these = paralysis

Term

 

Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors

Definition

bind w/ ACh & muscarine (mushroom toxin)

 

found at all parasymp synapses

 

Atropine blocks these. military uses atropine as temporary antidote to nerve gasses.

Term

 

Adrenergic Receptors

Definition

alpha (usually excitatory) & beta (usually inhibitory)

 

alpha stim inhibs GI activity.

 

beta stim excites heart. this can be blocked w/ beta blockers.

 

Term

 

Organs w/ dual innervation

Definition

both systems are continually active 


ratio of parasymp or symp impulses determines response

Term

 

Dual Innervation Chart

Definition

 

Organ                         Sympathetic            Parasympathetic

 

Eye : iris                                       dilates                                  constricts

 

Eye: ciliary body                           relax                                         ctrx

 

Heart                             increase HR & Strength            decrease HR&S

 

Resp Tract:                inc. rate and O bronchioles                    dec.

 

Blood Vessels                   X weo skel musc               O appetite response
                                                                                                 (food & sex)

 

GI Tract                                decrease activity                   increase activity

 

Salivary glands                  decrease activity                   increase activity

 

 

Term

 

organs w/o dual innervation

Definition

rate of impulse determines response

 

organs w/ symp input only include most BV sweat glands, arrector pili, adrenal medulla.

 

organs w/ parasymp only include gastric & intestinal glands & lacrimal glands (tear)

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