Term
|
Definition
altered level of consciousness
head tilt ipsilateral unless paradoxical
ataxia and/or vestibular ataxia
multiple cranial nerves affected possibly
proprioceptive deficits ipsilateral
normal or increased spinal reflexes and tone
pain possible over calvarium |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis of Unknown Etiology |
|
Definition
suspected immune mediated cause but truly unknown
Type IV hypersensitivity with T-cells |
|
|
Term
| Granulomatous Menigoencephalitis |
|
Definition
ocular - optic neurotis
focal - single space occupying lesion anywhere in CNS
disseminated - most common form |
|
|
Term
| Granulomatous Menigoencephalitis Signs |
|
Definition
young to middle aged small breed dogs
pain, seizures, cerebellovestibular dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Granulomatous Menigoencephalitis Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
histopath only definitive test
no good antemortem diagnosis
biopsy can miss the lesion
perivascular cuffs with granulomatous inflammation
steroids and immunomodulation
most do well with medical management |
|
|
Term
| Necrotizing Menigoencephalitis |
|
Definition
pug dog encephalitis
median age 18 months
affects cerebrum
seizures, neck pain
acute or progressive |
|
|
Term
| Necrotizing Menigoencephalitis Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
histopath is only definitive test
inflammatory infiltrate
liquefactive necrosis and cavitation
MRI and CSF
steroids
poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis |
|
Definition
febrile with severe neck pain
possibly concurrent arteritis
MRI is normal
CSF shows neutrophils and high protein
tx with long, slow tapering course of corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Injury with Head Trauma |
|
Definition
depletion of ATP disrupts homeostasis
increase in Na and Ca causes edema resulting in cytotoxic edema and depolarization
glutamate is released by cells (excitatory)
increase in glutamate causes increase in Ca
this causes a vicious cycle |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Perfusion Pressure |
|
Definition
primary determinant of cerebral blood flow
controls oxygenation and nutritional support to the brain
CPP = Mean arterial blood pressure - intracranial pressure
even with variation in arterial BP, intracranial pressure remains constant
If MABP increases, vasoconstriction of brain
If MABP decreases, vasodilation of brain |
|
|
Term
| Intracranial Pressure with Head Trauma |
|
Definition
intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema increases volume of parenchyma
if intracranial volume increases beyond compensatory mechanisms, then get increased intracranial pressure
increased ICP leads to decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure
decreased blood flow leads to ischemic injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crystalloids, hypertonic saline, blood products
hyperoxygenation to avoid hyperventilation which causes vasoconstriction and decreased CPP
mannitol is osmotic diuretic and free radical scavenger
DONT USE STEROIDS - causes hyperglycemia
prophylactic seizure meds |
|
|
