Term
| The brain Contains approximately how many neurons? |
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Definition
| 20 Million Neurons are in the brain |
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Term
| The brain contains approximaely what percentage of the neural tissue in the body? |
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Definition
| 95% of the neural tissue is contained in the brain |
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Term
| On the average the brain weighs how much? |
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Definition
| The brain weighs approximaely 3 pounds |
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Term
| What is the organization of the brain? |
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Definition
| Cerebrum, cerebellum, Diencephalon and brainstem |
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Term
| What is the largest part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebrum is divided into 2 sections by what? |
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Definition
| Divided into 2 large hemispheres (right and Left) by the longitudinal fissure |
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Term
| What is the cerebrum responsible for? |
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Definition
| Conscious thought process, intellectual functions, memory storage and retrieval and complex motor patterns |
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Term
| What is the main resonsibilty of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
Automatically adjusts motor activities on the basis of sensory information and memories of learned patterns of movement
Balance and coordination |
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Term
| Where is the location of the Diencephalon in the brain? And how many subdivisions does it have? |
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Definition
| Deep portion of the brain attached to the cerebrum. It has three subdivisions |
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Term
| What are the three subdivisions of the diecephalon? |
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Definition
| Epithalamus; Thalmus; Hypothalmus |
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Term
| Epithalamus Location and what does it contain? |
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Definition
| Epithalamus is located in the roof of the diecephalon and contains hormone secreting pineal gland (endocrine Structure) |
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Term
Thalmus
Location?
Function? |
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Definition
Thalmus-
Location--Forms the walls of the diecephalon
Function-sensory information relay
All impulses (except olfactory) going to the cerebrum synapase here |
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Term
Hypothalamus
Location?
Contain centers involved in? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus Located in the floor of the diecephalon
Visceral Control Center
Contains centers involved with emotions, autonomic nervous system function and hormone production |
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Term
| What are the three sections of the brainstem? |
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Definition
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Pons
Medulla oblongata |
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Term
| Function of Mesencephalon |
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Definition
Midbrain
Processes visual and auditory information
Coordinates and directs involuntary somatic motor responses to these stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
Pons
Location- Inferior to the mesencephalon
Function-contains nucleli involved with both somatic and visceral motorcontrol (subconscious). Contains the cerebellum to the brainstem |
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Term
Medulla oblongata-
Location and function |
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Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Connects spinal chord and brainstem.
Relays sensory information to the thalamus
contains major centers concerned with regulation of autonomic function such as the heart rate, blood pressure and respiration |
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Term
Ventricles
Number#
Purpose?
Lined By? |
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Definition
Ventricles
4 ventricles
Lined by ependymal cells (secrete CSF)
Fluid filled cavities of the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
Lateral Ventricles
Location? |
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Definition
Found in right and left hemisphere; seperated by the pellucidum
No direct connection between the lateral ventricles but each communication with the 3rd ventricle through the interventricular foramen |
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Term
| Location of 3rd ventricle? |
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Definition
Dound in the diencephalon between the two thalami.
Connected to the fourth ventricle by the aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct) |
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Term
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Definition
Between the pons and cerebellum.
In the inferior portion of the medulla oblongata, the ventricle becomes continous with the centeral canal for the spinal cord.
Has foramina in the roof for CSF Circulation |
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Term
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Definition
elevated ridges
increase the surface area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Cerebrum
Accounts for the % of the brain mass |
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Definition
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Term
Major Fissures
Function Longitudinal fissure |
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Definition
| divides the two hemishperes |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends laterally from the longitudinal fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior to the centeral sulcus, runs parral to the longitudnal fissure |
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Term
| Describe the cerebrum lobes |
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Definition
| borders of the lobes are defined by the sulci. Named for the overlying bones of the skull. Frontal, parietal, temporal,occipital |
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Term
| What is the primary motor cortex and its function |
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Definition
| frontal lobe Function voluntary control of sketal muscles (through somatic motor neurons) |
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Term
| What are Neurons called? and the pathway that provides voluntary motor control is called? |
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Definition
| Neurons are called pyramidal cells and the pathway that provides voluntary motor control is known as the pyramidal system |
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Term
Primary sensory cortex is
? Function? |
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Definition
| Parietal lobe is the primary sensory cortex. Function is conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste (from somatic sensory neurons) Aware of these sensations |
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Term
| Describe the cerebral association areas? |
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Definition
Each sensory and motor region of the cortex is connected to a nearby association area. Deal with more complex intergrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will judgement, personality traits and intellegence.
Do not recieve sensory info directly or generate motor commands. Integration and processing of sensory data.
Processing and intiation of motor activites |
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Term
| Describe somatic motor association? |
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Definition
| coordination of learned motor activites serves as a memory bank for these activities |
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Term
| Describe somatic sensory association area? |
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Definition
| allows comprehension of the size, form and texture of an object. |
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Term
| Describe visual association area? |
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Definition
| Damage to this area may leave one able to see letters on a page clearly but unable to recognize or interpret them |
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Term
| Describe the cerebral integrative centers |
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Definition
relay and process information from many different association areas.
Direct extremely complex motor activites and perform complicated analytical functions. |
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Term
| Describe prefrontal cortex function? |
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Definition
Intergrates information from sensory association areas and performs abstract intellectual function.
perdicting the consquences of possible responses |
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Term
| Describe the cerebral integrative general interpretive area (gnostic area) |
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Definition
recieves information from al the sensory association areas.
Usually only found in the left hemisphere
damage to this area affects the ability to intrpret what is read or heard. Words are understood as individual enties but not when combined together.
An individual might understand the meaning of the word "sit" and "here" but not understand a request to sit here |
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Term
| Understand the Broca's Area |
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Definition
The speech center lies along the edge of the premotor cortex in the same hemisphere as the gnostic area.
Motor control center that regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech.
Damage can lead to difficulty speaking although they know exactly what words to use. Others talk constantly but use all the the wrong words. |
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Term
| association fibers interconnect what? |
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Definition
interconnect areas of the neural cortex
within a single cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| pass from one gyrus to another |
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Term
| Longitudinal fasciculi connect |
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Definition
connect the frontal lobe to the other
lobes of the same hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
tracts that connect the two cerebral
hemispheres
• Interconnect corresponding lobes of different hemispheres
• Transmit impulses from the gyri in one cerebral hemisphere
to the corresponding gyri in the opposite cerebral
hemisphere
• Anterior commissure
• Corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
tracts that link the
cerebrum with other regions of the
brain and spinal cord
• All ascending or descending fibers
must pass through the
diencephalon on their way to or
from sensory, motor, or association
areas of the cerebral cortex
• The entire collection of these
fibers is known as the internal
capsule |
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Term
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Definition
Paired masses of gray matter within the cerebral hemispheres
• Located inferior to the lateral ventricles
• Embedded within the central while matter
• Radiating projections and commissural fibers travel around
or between these nuclei |
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Term
| Functions of basal nuclei |
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Definition
• Subconscious control and integration of skeletal muscle
control
• Coordination of learned movement patterns
• Processing, integration and relay of information from the
cerebral cortex to the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Provides general pattern of rhythm for movement
•With the caudate nucleus
• Important component of the limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in processing information at a subconscious level
• Focuses of specific patterns or relevant features |
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Term
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Definition
Has a massive head and slender, curving tail that follows the
curve of the lateral ventricles
•With the putamen- when a person is walking, they occur the
cycles of arm and leg movements that occur between the
time the decision is made to “start walking” and the time the
“stop” order is given |
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Term
| Component: putamen and globus pallidus |
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Definition
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Term
Globus pallidus
What does it control? Give example |
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Definition
Globus pallidus- controls and adjusts muscle tone,
particularly in appendicular muscles, to set body position
in preparation for voluntary movement
• Ex: when you decide to pick up an object, the globus
pallidus positions the shoulder and stabilizes the arm as
you consciously reach and grasp with the forearm, wrist
and hand |
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Term
Cerebrum-Limbic System
Includes???? |
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Definition
Includes nuclei and tracts along the border between the
cerebrum and diencephalon |
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Term
Limbic System
Functional or anatomical? |
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Definition
| system is a functional grouping rather than an anatomical one. |
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Term
| Functions of cerebrum Limbic System |
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Definition
Functions
• Establishment of emotional states and related behavioral
drives
• Linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral
cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of
other portions of the brain
• Facilitating memory storage and retrieval |
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Term
| Cerebrum -limbic system includes components of? |
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Definition
Includes components of the cerebrum, diencephalon,
mesencephalon |
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Term
| Anatomical defination of Diencephalon-EPITHALAMUS |
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Definition
Anatomical definition- roof of the 3rd
ventricle |
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Term
| Anterior portion of Diencephalon Epithalmus |
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Definition
Anterior portion- membranous,
contains and extensive area of
choroid plexus that extends through
the interventricular foramina into the
lateral ventricles |
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Term
| Postior portion of Diencephalon Epithalmus Contain? |
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Definition
Posterior portion- contains the
pineal gland |
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Term
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Definition
Pineal gland- endocrine structure
that secretes melatonin which
regulates day and night cycles |
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Term
| Diecephlon thalamus anatomincal Defination |
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Definition
Anatomical definition- eggshaped
bodies that form the
walls of the diencephalon and
surround the third ventricle |
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Term
The two thalami (right and
left) are separated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the thalami nuclei |
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Definition
Provide the switching and relay centers for both sensory
and motor pathways
• Acts as an information filter, passing on only a small portion
of the incoming sensory information
• Acts as a relay station that coordinates motor activities at
the conscious and subconscious levels |
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Term
Anterior nuclei Thalamus
Part of and role? |
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Definition
Anterior nuclei
• Part of the limbic system
• Role in emotions, memory and
learning |
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Term
|
Definition
Provides conscious awareness of
emotional states by connecting
the basal nuclei and emotional
centers in the hypothalamus with
the prefrontal cortex of the
cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
Projects sensory information to
the primary sensory cortex of
the parietal lobe
• Relays information from the
cerebellum and basal nuclei to
the motor area of the cerebral
cortex and from the cerebral
cortex to the basal nuclei |
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Term
Posterior Nuclei
Pulvinar |
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Definition
Posterior nuclei
• Pulvinar- integrates sensory
information for projection to
association areas of the
cerebral cortex |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON- THALAMUS
Posterior Nuclei
Lateral Geniculate function |
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Definition
Lateral geniculate- projects
visual information to the visual
cortex of the occipital lobe |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON- THALAMUS
Medial geniculate- projects |
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Definition
Medial geniculate- projects
auditory information to the
auditory cortex of the of the
temporal lobe |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON- THALAMUS
Lateral nuclei Form? |
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Definition
Lateral nuclei
• Form feedback loops involving
the cingulate gyrus (emotional
states) and the parietal lobe
(integration of sensory
information) |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
contains centers involved with |
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Definition
Contains centers involved with
emotions and visceral processes
that affect the cerebrum as well
as other components of the
brainstem |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
Anatomincal definition |
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Definition
| Forms the floor of thr third ventricle |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
Infundibulum extends |
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Definition
Infundibulum extends
inferiorly, connecting the
hypothalamus to the pituitary
gland |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
Few functions |
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Definition
A few functions of the hypothalamus
• Control of autonomic function- regulates heart rate, blood
pressure respiration and digestive functions
• Adjusts and coordinates the activities of autonomic
centers in other parts of the brainstem
• Regulates body temperature |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
Secretes what two hormones and what are their functions |
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Definition
Antidiuretic and oxytocin hormone
Both hormones are transported along axons down the
infundibulum for release into the circulation at the posterior
portion pituitary gland |
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Term
| Function of Antidiuretic hormone |
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Definition
| Restricts water loss at the kidney |
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Term
| Function of hormone Oxytocin |
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Definition
stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the
uterus and prostate gland |
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Term
DIENCEPHALON HYPOTHALAMUS
•Controls what rhythms and explain |
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Definition
Controls of circadian rhthyms
Receives direct input from the retina of the eye and its
output adjusts the activities of other hypothalamic nuclei, the
pineal gland and reticular formation (part of the limbic
system, mesencephalon, for awareness) |
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Term
| The craninal menninges function? |
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Definition
| Shock absorber for the brain |
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Term
| Craninal meninges are continous with spinal menninges and have the same three layers. Nane the three layers |
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Definition
Dura Mater-outermost
Arachoid- Middle
Pia Mater- Intermost |
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Term
| The Dura mater consists of what two fibrous layers? |
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Definition
1.endosteal layer-outermost layer which is fused to the periosteum lining the cranial bones
2. meningeal layer-innermost layer |
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Term
| Veins of the brain open into these ______sinuses which in turn deliver that blood to the _____? |
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Definition
| Veins of the brain open into these _DURAL_sinuses which in turn deliver that blood to the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS OF THE NECK. |
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Term
| Four locations of Dura Mater? |
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Definition
At 4 locations the meningeal layer extends deep into the
cranial cavity which provides additional stability and support
for the brain (limits movement) |
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Term
| Name 4 locations of Dura Mater |
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Definition
1. falx cerebri
2. tentorium cerebelli
3. falx cerebelli
4. Diaphragma sellae |
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Term
| Describe the falx cerebri (folds of Dura Mater) |
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Definition
• Between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal
fissure
• Attaches to the crista galli (anteriorly) and to the
internal occipital crest (posteriorly)
• The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses travel within
this dural fold |
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Term
| Describe the tentorium cerebelli |
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Definition
• Separates the cerebellar hemispheres from those of the
cerebrum
• Supports and protects the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
• The transverse sinus lies within the tentorium cerebelli |
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Term
| Describe location of Falx Cerebelli |
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Definition
| Divides the two cerebellar hemispheres |
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Term
| Describe the diaphragma sellae location |
|
Definition
Lines the sella turcica and
ensheathes the base of the
pituitary gland
• Anchors the dura mater
to the sphenoid |
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Term
| Describe the Arachnoid matter |
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Definition
Covers the brain and lies between the dura and pia matter.
Provides smooth surface
Contains a delicate weblike network of collagen and
elastic fibers (arachnoid trabeculae)that link the arachnoid
mater to the underlying pia mater
• Fingerlike extensions (arachnoid granulations) penetrate
the dura mater
•Where CSF crosses the arachnoid mater and enters the
venous circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
Tightly attached to the surface
contours of the brain
• Anchored to the surface of the
brain by the processes of
astrocytes (prevents the pia mater
from pulling away)
• Highly vascular membrane that
acts as a floor to support the large
cerebral blood vessels |
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Term
Describe cerebrospinal fluid?
color?nutrient? Total volume? Entire Volume? |
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Definition
Colorless liquid that contains glucose, proteins, cations, anions
• The total volume at any given moment is approximately 150 mL
• The entire volume is replaced roughly every 8 hours |
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Term
| Function of Cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
Prevents contact between the delicate neural structures from
the surrounding bones
• Supports the brain- the brain is suspended in CSF
• Transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products |
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Term
| Describe the formation of the Cerebrospinal fluid? |
|
Definition
All ventricles contain a choroid plexus
• Choroid plexus is responsible for the production of CSF
• About 500 mL/day
• CSF is formed from blood plasma by both filtration and
secretion
• Ependymal cells secrete CSF into the ventricles
•Waste products removed by the choroid plexus |
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