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Brain and spinal cord
Brain and spinal cord WSU
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/20/2009

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Cards

Term
1. What part of the brain functions to receive and interpret sensory input, control voluntary motor movement, and is involved with cognitive and emotional processing?
Definition
the cerebrum
Term
2. What is the name for the elevations or "bumps" in the cerebrum?
Definition
gyri (gyrus)
Term
3. What is the name for the grooves in the cerebrum?
Definition
sulci (sulcus) or fissures for deeper grooves
Term
4. What is the deepest groove in the cerebrum and what does it divide?
Definition
longitudinal fissure - divides left and right hemispheres
Term
5. Which sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Definition
central sulcus
Term
6. Which sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?
Definition
lateral sulcus
Term
7. Which sulcus divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Definition
parieto-occipital sulcus
Term
8. Gray matter in the cerebrum is formed by what?
Definition
neuron cell bodies
Term
9. What are two locations gray matter is found in the cerebrum?
Definition
cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
Term
10. White matter in the cerebrum is formed by what?
Definition
myelinated axons of neurons
Term
11. What are two locations white matter is found in the cerebrum?
Definition
corpus collosum and internal capsule
Term
12. What is the name for the superficial layer of the cerebrum?
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
13. What are the 3 kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex?
Definition
motor, sensory, and association areas
Term
14. What functional area is located on the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe?
Definition
primary motor cortex
Term
15. What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Definition
controls contraction of skeletal muscle
Term
16. What functional area is located of the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe?
Definition
primary somatic sensory cortex
Term
17. What is the function of the primary somatic sensory cortex?
Definition
receives impulses (general sensation, pain, pressure, and temperature) from sensory receptors in skin and skeletal muscle
Term
18. What functional area is located on the occipital lobe?
Definition
visual cortex
Term
19. What is the function of the visual cortex?
Definition
it receives impulses conveying visual information
Term
20. What functional area is located posterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex on the parietal lobe?
Definition
somatosensory association area
Term
21. What is the function of the somatosensory association area?
Definition
recognize object by touch
Term
22. What functional area is located on the left frontal lobe just superior to the lateral fissure?
Definition
Broca's area (motor speech area)
Term
23. What is the function of Broca's area?
Definition
controls muscles responsible for the production of speech
Term
24. What functional area is located on the left parietal lobe near the end of the lateral fissure?
Definition
Wernicke's area (sensory speech area)
Term
25. What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Definition
involved with understanding and formulating speech
Term
26. What is the basal nuclei and what is it's function?
Definition
group of functionally related nuclei that is involved in the control of motor functions
Term
27. What is the limbic system involved with?
Definition
basic survival functions (memory, reproduction, and nutrition) and emotional interpretation of sensory input and emotions
Term
28. What type of fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?
Definition
association fibers
Term
29. What type of fibers connect one cerebral hemisphere to another?
Definition
commissural fibers
Term
30. What is an example of commissural fibers?
Definition
corpus collosum
Term
31. What type of fibers are between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
projection fibers
Term
32. What is an example of projection fibers?
Definition
internal capsule
Term
33. What are the three parts of the diencephalon?
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
34. What does the thalamus do?
Definition
relay station for most sensory impulses that reach cerebral cortex
Term
35. What does the hypothalamus do?
Definition
controls and integrates activities of the ANS / controls pituitary gland / regulates feelings of rage, aggression, pain, and pleasure / regulates thirst and food intake / regulates body temperature
Term
36. What part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?
Definition
epithalamus
Term
37. What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and when is it secreted?
Definition
melatonin / secreted during darkness
Term
38. What are the three main parts to the brain stem?
Definition
midbrain, pons, and medulla
Term
39. What part of the brain stem relays motor and sensory information and is involved with hearing and vision reflexes?
Definition
midbrain
Term
40. What part of the brain stem relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum?
Definition
pons
Term
41. What part of the brain stem regulates heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and hiccuping?
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
42. What regulates coordinated skeletal muscle movements, posture and balance?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
43. What are connective tissue layers that cover and protect the CNS?
Definition
meninges
Term
44. What is the most superficial meninge?
Definition
dura mater
Term
45. What is the space above the dura mater? Is it real or potential (in brain)?
Definition
epidural space / potential
Term
46. What is the middle meninge?
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
47. What is the space below the dura mater? Is it real or potential (in brain)?
Definition
subdural space / potential
Term
48. What is the space below the arachnoid mater? Is it real or potential (in brain)?
Definition
subarachnoid space / real
Term
49. What does the subarachnoid space contain?
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
50. What layer of meninge adheres to the surface of the brain or spinal cord?
Definition
pia mater
Term
51. What is the function of CSF?
Definition
nourishes and protects the brain and spinal cord
Term
52. Where are three places CSF is found?
Definition
subarachnoid space, central canal, and ventricles
Term
53. Where is CSF produced?
Definition
in ventricles by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
Term
54. Where are the 2 lateral ventricles found?
Definition
one in each cerebral hemisphere
Term
55. Where is the third ventricle found?
Definition
between the two halves of the thalamus
Term
56. Where is the fourth ventricle found?
Definition
between the brain stem and the cerebellum
Term
57. What condition is caused by a blockage and accumulation of CSF in the ventricles that results in intracranial pressure and possible enlargement of the head if in young child?
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
1. What is the major communication link between the brain and the PNS?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
2. What is involved with reflex mechanisms and integration of incoming information?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
3. Is the epidural space in the spinal cord real or potential?
Definition
real
Term
4. Is the subdural space in the spinal cord real or potential?
Definition
potential but little more real
Term
5. Is the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord real or potential?
Definition
real / contains CSF
Term
6. The spinal cord extends from _________ to ___________.
Definition
medulla oblongata /L1-L2
Term
7. The spinal cord is located within what?
Definition
vertebral canal
Term
8. What is a spinal tap and where is it done?
Definition
procedure where CSF is drawn from the subarachnoid space at the level of L3/L4 or L4/L5
Term
9. What part of the spinal cord contains axons supplying the upper extremities?
Definition
cervical enlargement
Term
10. What part of the spinal cord contains axons supplying the lower extremities?
Definition
lumbar enlargement
Term
11. What is a collection of nerve roots the extends from the lumbar enlargement?
Definition
cauda equina
Term
12. What it the cone shaped end of the spinal cord?
Definition
conus medullaris
Term
13. What anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx?
Definition
filum terminale
Term
14. What is the filum terminale?
Definition
continuation of pia mater
Term
15. What four structures are found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Definition
dorsal horn, lateral horn, ventral horn, and central canal
Term
16. What part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of motor neurons supplying skeltal musce?
Definition
ventral (anterior) horn
Term
17. What part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of autonomic neurons supplying smooth and cardiac muscle?
Definition
lateral horn
Term
18. What vertebral levels would you find lateral horns?
Definition
T1 - L2
Term
19. What part of the spinal cord contains axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons?
Definition
dorsal (posterior) horn
Term
20. What part of the spinal cord is continuous with the fourth ventricle of the brain and contains CSF?
Definition
central canal
Term
21. What are the three parts to the white matter in the spinal cord?
Definition
ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns
Term
22. Columns in the white matter are subdivided into what?
Definition
tracts
Term
23. What type of tracts carry sensory information?
Definition
ascending tracts
Term
24. What type of tracts carry motor information?
Definition
descending tracts
Term
25. Give an example of an ascending tract.
Definition
spinothalamic tract / carries info about pain and temperature
Term
26. Give an example of a descending tract.
Definition
lateral corticospinal tract / carries info about movement of neck, trunk, and extremities
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