1. The brain arises from what part of the neural tube?
2. In what week does this happen?
3. How does this happen?

1. Rostral
2. Week 4
3. Constricts at two points to form 3 primary brina vesicles

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles found first in an embryo?

What part of this early brain do they become?

1. Prosencephalon - forebrain
2. Mesencephalon - midbrain
3. Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

What sections of the embryonic brain divide?

What are the 5 sections of the embryonic second division?

tel di mes met mye

1. Prosecephalon - telencephalon, diencephalon
2. Mesecephalon - Mesencephalon
3. Rhombencephalon - mentencephalon, myelencephalon

What do these embryonic divisions of the brain become in the adult brain?

tel di mes met my

Can Eggs, Toast and Ham make party crazy men obese?

1. Telencephalon - cerebrum - Can
2. Diencephalon - Epithalmus, Thalmus, Hypothalmus - Eggs, Toast & Ham
3. Mesencephalon - Midbrain - Make
4. Metencephalon - Pons, Cerebellum -Party Crazy
5. Myelencehpalon - Medulla Oblongata - Men obese?

What do the ear-like appendages of the telencephalon become?

What do the small appendages from the diencephalon become?

1. left and right cerebral hemispheres 
2. the retina of the eye

Increases the surface area of the cerebrum.

Brain can fit more neurons = more connections

What are the functions of the Cranial Meninges?

What are the three kinds?

1. Separate brain from skull
2. Enclose and protect vlood vessels supplying brain
3. Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura Mater

What are the three benifits of CSF?

Where is CSF produced?

1. Buoyancy - reduces brain weight by 95%
2. Protection - provides liquid cushion
3. Environmental stability - transports chemical messengers and removes waste.

Produced in the choroid plexuses

1. Cerebral Spinal fluid levels decrease until brain sinks in skull
2. Brain can be damaged by sharp objects on the skull - permanent.

1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
4. Brain Stem

1. Frontal - Personality, reasoning, right/wrong
2. Parietal - Interpret and process sensory info
3. Occipital - vision
4. Temporal - hearing  and balance
5. Insula - Memory and emotion

1. Left Brain - Logic, Math and Science
2. Right Brain - Spacial Skills, Colors, Creativity

What is Gray matter?

What is White Matter?

What accounts for the large surface area of the brain?

1. Cortex of the cerebral Hemisphere - houses motor neurons cell bodies
2. houses myelinated axons
3. Gyri and Sulci

Where is the Motor area of the brain?

Where is the Sensory area of the brain?

What are association areas of the brain?

1. Precentral gyrus - just like the motor/efferent nerves come out of the anterior/ventral side of the spinal cord the motor area is in front of the central sulcus
2. Post central gyrus - Just like the sensory/afferent nerves go into the back/dorsal side of the spinal cord, the sensory area is in back of the central sulcus
3. All cortical regions other than primary sensory and motor areas.

What is a homunculus?

What areas are abnormally large on a homunculus?

Somotopy - a map

Point by point correspondence between a body area and the CNS.

1. Motor side - Hand, tongue, face
2. Sensory side - hand, mouth, tongue

What is contained in Cerebral White matter?

(2)

1. Contains the myelinated axons of CNS neurons.
2. Most of the axons are grouped into bundles called tracts

1. Association Tracts
2. Commissural Tracts
3. Projection Tracts

They connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere.

1. Connect corresponding lobes of right and left hemispheres

   example: Corpus Callosum

Connect cerebra cortex to spinal cord and other lower brain structures

Runs vertically - convey sensory and motor information.

↑What tracts connect spinal chord and brain?

↔What tracts connect the lobes of the right and left hemisphere?

What tracts connect separate cotrical areas within the same hemisphere?

1. Projection Tracts
2. Commissural Tracts
3. Association Tracts

Where is the diencephalon?

What does it do?

What is it composed of?

1. Encloses the 3rd ventricle and connects the cerebral hemispheres to the brain stem.
2. Provides the relay and switching centers for some sensory and motor pathways and for control of visceral activities.
3. Composed primarily of gray matter (cell body)

What is located in the Diencphalon?

What section of the preembryonic brain did it come from?

1. Thalamus
2. Epithalamus
3. Hypothalmus

Prosencephlon

Epithalmus

(3)

1. Forms posterior roof of diencephalon and covers the 3rd ventricle.
2. Pineal gland
3. Habenular nuclei

Pineal Gland

1. Secretes Melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms - sleep cycles
2. Stimulated by light

Habenular Nuclei

(1)

1. Relays signals from the limbic system to the mesencephalon and are involved in viceral and emotional reponses to odors.

Thalamus

(2)

1. Lie on either side of the 3rd ventricle
2. Principle relaty point for sensory and motor information into cerebrum

Hypothalamus

(3)

BEETSHAM

B-ehavior

E-ndocrine

E-motion

T-emperature control

S-leep/wake cycles

H-ungar/Thirst

A-utonomic Control

M-emory

1. Is the Endocrine Control Center
2. Secretes Regulatory Hormones
3. Controls ANS stimulation of Adrenal Medulla

1. Oxytocin
2. ADH - antidiruetic hormone

These are made in the hypthalamus and stored in the posterior pituatary gland

1. Born with this disorder of the Hypothalamus
2. Painfully hungary all the time
3. Will eat themselves to death - institutionalized
4. Can't control behavior
5. Usually attain a first grade reading level

Cerebellum

(4)

Smoothe and coordinates body movements via:

1. Information on equilibrium and posture
2. Invormation of current movements
3. Proprioception - where body is in space

Brain Stem

What embryonic component does this come from?

Mesencephalon

Pons

Medulla oblongata

1. Bi-directional passsageway between cerebrum and spinal cord
2. Contains many autonomic and reflex cetners essential for survival.

Mesencphalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon.

Medulla Oblongata

VCR

1. Point of Attachment for cranial 4 cranieal  nerves: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Hyposlossal, and Accessory
2. Regulates couging, sneezing, gagging, vomiting
3. Contains 3 regulatory centers:

CN I

Olfactory Nerve

Sensory - Smell

Location - For-brain by Crista Galea

Optic Nerve

Sensory - Vision

Location- Anterior to Optic Chisam

Oculomotor

Moves Eye

Somatic -  all the eye muscles surrounding the eye except the superior oblique

Parasympathetic Motor - constricts pupil contracts cillary muscles to enhance near vision.

Location - Comes off Pons over optic tract

Trochlear

Superior oblique eye muscle - Moves eye

Location - Seat belt to the "troll"

               @ side of the pons in front of Tri - gem

Trigeminal

3 divisions

• Ophalmic Division
• Maxillary Division
• Mandibular Division

Location - Posterior side of Pons - Large nerve

Abducens

Lateral Eye rectus movement

Location - Suspenders on Troll

Facial Nerve

Taste to Anterior 2/3 of tongue

Facial Expression

Location:  Beside Abducens on the Pons

Vestibulocochlear

Hearing and Balance

Location - beside Facial nerve - top and side of Pons

Glossaopharyngeal

Touch and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Location - First nerve on lower medulla oblongotta after vestibulocochlear nerve.

Vegus Nerve

Parasympathetic stimulation of Heart, Lungs and abdominal vicera

Location - Lower Medulla oblongata after glosso.. nerve - large

Accessory Nerve

Trapezius muscle, Sternocliedomastoid muscle

 Location: Stem part of the Medula oblongata on the superior region - lots of little nerves 

Hypoglossal Nerve

Moves tongue

Locaton - Top of Medulla Oblongotta, superior and inbetween Glosso.. and vagus nerve.