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brain and cranial cavity
physical therapy gross anatomy brain and cranial cavity
118
Anatomy
Graduate
10/12/2011

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Cards

Term
what is the calvaria?
Definition
skull cap
Term
what is the fontanelles?
Definition
soft spot in infants skull between frontal and parietal bones at coronal and sagittal sutures where membranous tissues have not yet ossified
Term
what is the bregma?
Definition
ossified fontanelle region
Term
why are there grooves in the interior calvaria?
Definition
for meningeal blood vessels
Term
what are granular foveolae
Definition
small depressions in interior calvaria formed from protrusions of the arachnoid mater
Term
what are arachnoid granulations?
Definition
protrusions of the arachnoid mater that ar sites of transfer of the CSF into the venous system; create granular fovelae on the interior calvaria
Term
what is diploe?
Definition
spongy bone in skull between inner and outer cortexes
Term
what are the functions of the cranial meninges?
Definition
surround and protect brain, form a communicating network for veins or venous sinuses, enclose the subarachnoid space that houses cerebral spinal fluid
Term
describe dura mater
Definition
thick, dense, external fibrous membrane
Term
what are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
Definition
periosteal and meningeal
Term
describe arachnoid mater
Definition
delicate intermediate membrane
Term
describe pia mater
Definition
delicate internal vascular membrane that adheres closely to surface of brain
Term
the 2 layers of dura separate from each other to form what 2 things?
Definition
dural partitions, dural venous sinuses
Term
how are dural partitions formed?
Definition
the internal meningeal layer of the dura separates from the external periosteal layer of dura to form reflections that separate regions of the brain
Term
which septa/dural partition separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
cerebral falx
Term
which septa/dural partition separates the occiptal lobe from the cerebellum and is located in the transverse plane?
Definition
cerebellar tentorium
Term
what are dural venous sinuses?
Definition
endothelium lined spaces/channels between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
Term
describe blood flow into/out of dural venous sinuses
Definition
large veins from surface of brain empty into these sinuses and venous blood eventually drains into the internal jugular veins
Term
do the dural venous sinuses have valves?
Definition
no, blood can flow in either direciton
Term
what are the 7 major dural venous sinuses?
Definition
superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, confluence of sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, cavernous sinus
Term
what are arachnoid granulations?
Definition
tufts of arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of dura into the superior sagittal sinus to permit transfer of cerebral spinal fluid into the venous system
Term
what are emissary veins?
Definition
connect the dural venous sinuses with veins outside the cranium (can transmit bacteria/toxins into the cranial cavity)
Term
what are the 3 meningeal spaces?
Definition
epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
Term
what is the epidural space
Definition
a potential space between the dura and the calvaria; hematomoas occur here when a meningeal artery is ruptured
Term
what is the subdural space
Definition
potential space between dura and arachnoid mater; hematomas occur here when a cerebral vein ruptures
Term
what is the subarachnoid space?
Definition
houses the cerbral spinal fluid; hematomas occur here from a cerebral artery
Term
what is the result of trauma to the cerebral vein at a junction with dural venous sinus that causes the subdural space to fill with blood?
Definition
subdural hematoma
Term
what is the result of aneurysm of a cerebral artery?
Definition
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
what does the dura mater adhere tightly to?
Definition
bones that form the floor of the cranial base
Term
what nerves go through the dura to pass through their respective foramina in the base of the skull?
Definition
olfactory I; optic II; oculumotor III; trochlear IV; trigeminal V; ophthalmic V1; maxillary V2; mandibular V3; abducent VI; facial VII; vestibulocochlear VIII; glossopharyngeal IX; vagus X; accessory XI; hypoglossal XII
Term
CN I
Definition
olfactory
Term
CN II
Definition
optic
Term
CN III
Definition
oculomotor
Term
CN IV
Definition
trochlear
Term
CN V
Definition
trigeminal
Term
CN V1
Definition
ophthalmic nerve
Term
CN V2
Definition
maxillary nerve
Term
CN V3
Definition
mandibular nerve
Term
CN VI
Definition
abducens
Term
CN VII
Definition
facial
Term
CN VIII
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
CN IX
Definition
glossopharyngeal
Term
CN X
Definition
vagus
Term
CN XI
Definition
accessory - spinal accessory
Term
CN XII
Definition
hypoglossal
Term
which nerve exits cranial base at cribriform plate
Definition
CN I olfactory
Term
which nerve exits cranial base through optic canal?
Definition
CN II optic nerve
Term
which nerves exit cranial base at superior orbital fissure?
Definition
CN III, IV, V1, and VI
Term
which nerve exits cranial base at foramen rotundum?
Definition
CN V2 maxillary division of trigeminal
Term
which nerve exits cranial base at foramen ovale?
Definition
CN V3 mandibular division of trigeminal
Term
which nerves exit cranial base at internal acoustic meatus?
Definition
CN VII facial and VIII vestibulocochlear
Term
which nerves exit cranial base at jugular foramen?
Definition
CN IX, X, XI
Term
which nerve exits cranial base at hypoglossal canal?
Definition
CN XII
Term
where does olfactory nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
cribriform plate
Term
where does optic nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
optic canal
Term
where does oculomotor nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
where does trochlear nerve exit cranial base
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
where does ophthalmic nerve exit cranial base
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
where does abducens nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
where does maxillary nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
foramen rotundum
Term
where does mandibular nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
where does facial nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
internal acoustic meatus
Term
where does vestibulocochlear nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
internal acoustic meatus
Term
where does glossopharyngeal nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
where does vagus nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
where does accessory nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
where does hypoglossal nerve exit cranial base?
Definition
hypoglossal canal
Term
what are the 3 major regions of the cranial cavity/base?
Definition
anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa
Term
what lobes are in the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
frontal lobes
Term
what lobes are in the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
temporal lobes
Term
what parts of brain are in posterior cranial fossa
Definition
brainstem and cerebellum
Term
what do the cranial fossas form?
Definition
bowl-shaped floor of cranial cavity
Term
diencephalon + cerebral hemispheres and lobes make up what?
Definition
cerebrum
Term
what 3 things make up brainstem?
Definition
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Term
what are the 3 main parts of the brain?
Definition
brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum
Term
what is the largest portion of the brain?
Definition
2 cerebral hemispheres
Term
where are the 2 lateral ventricles?
Definition
each is within a cerebral hemisphere
Term
where are the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Definition
midline
Term
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Definition
cerebral aqueduct
Term
what fills the ventricles?
Definition
cerebral spinal fluid
Term
what does the CSF do?
Definition
bathe and protect brain, provide bouyancy to brain to prevent it from compressing spinal nerves
Term
where is CSF produced?
Definition
within the choroid plexuses of the ventricles
Term
what cells produce CSF?
Definition
ependymal cells
Term
how is old/extra CSF reabsorbed into venous circulation?
Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
what is the result of blockage/tumors of ventricular system and/or arachnoid granulations?
Definition
hydrocephaly = increased intracranial pressure
Term
what are the 2 parts of the diencephalon?
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
what is the thalamus?
Definition
major relay center: processes sensory information and regulates motor control
Term
what is the hypothalamus?
Definition
major control center for the autonomic nervous system
Term
what ventricle does the diencephalon surround?
Definition
3rd ventricle
Term
what/where are cerebral peduncles?
Definition
axon fiber tracts from cortex to spinal cord (in midbrain)
Term
what do the superior and inferior colliculi do?
Definition
auditory and visual stimuli
Term
cerebral aqueduct goes through what?
Definition
midbrain
Term
where/what is substantia nigra?
Definition
in midbrain, produces dopamine
Term
what does superior colliculus do?
Definition
visual info/eye movement, neck movement: helps you get your head out of the way when a fastball comes flying at you!
Term
what does pons do?
Definition
houses some cranial nerve nuclei; relays cortical = motor information to the cerebellum
Term
what is the most caudal portion of the brainstem?
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
what does the medulla oblongata do
Definition
houses some cranial nerve nuclei; continuous with spinal cord through foramen magnum; contains olive and pyramids on ventral surface
Term
what is the olive?
Definition
relay center on medulla oblongata
Term
what are the pyramids?
Definition
upper motor neuron tracts or corticospinal axon tracts on ventral surface of medulla oblongata
Term
what connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Definition
vermis
Term
what does the cerebellum do?
Definition
motor coordination and equilibrium
Term
which cranial fossa is the cerebellum in?
Definition
posterior cranial fossa
Term
what are the 4 major lobes of the external brain?
Definition
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Term
what separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
Definition
longittudinal fissure and falx cerebri
Term
what does the central sulcus separate?
Definition
primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and primary sensory cortex (post central gyrus)
Term
where is the primary motor cortex?
Definition
precentral gyrus
Term
where is the primary sensoyr cortex?
Definition
post central gyrus
Term
what is in the corpus callosum?
Definition
axons that project between the 2 hemispheres
Term
what is the cingulate gyrus?
Definition
part of the limbic system = functions include emotional expression and visceral motor activity
Term
what do internal carotid arteries branch into between skull/brain?
Definition
anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Term
what do the anterior and middle cerebral arteries form?
Definition
anterior circulation of the brain
Term
what do the vertebral arteries unite to form after ascending through the foramen magnum?
Definition
basilar artery
Term
what does the basilar artery give off?
Definition
posterior cerebral arteries
Term
what do the posterior cerebral arteries form?
Definition
posterior circulation of the brain
Term
what structures of the brain are vascularized by the anterior cerebral artery?
Definition
midline structures
Term
what structures of the brain are vascularized by the middle cerebral arteries?
Definition
lateral regions of brain and temporal lobes
Term
what structures of the brain are vascularized by the posterior cerebral artery?
Definition
occipital lobe and posterior structures
Term
what does the dura mater adhere tightly to?
Definition
bones that form the floor of the cranial base
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