bovine papillomavirus 

usually resolve but sometimes surgery will be needed

if herd immunity not great, will spread throughout the herd. 

minimise risk by milking parlour hygeine

boving herpesvirus 2

seen in autumn/winter months- rupture to give painful ulcerative lesions- become covered in dried exudate

healing takes place over 2-3 weeks

symptomatic treatment of skin lesions with antiseptic udder creams and iodine based teat dip may help. 

contagious spread so milk cows last and disinfect milking machine parts. 

parapoxvirus

immunity short lived, so can get endemic infection in herds. 

initial erthematous and swollen lesions which soon become raised orange papules and then dark scabs. 

Vesicles are rare with this disease. Scabs will shed after 10-12 days leaving the classical raised horseshoe appearance. 

complete healing may take 4-6 weeks 

symptomatic treatment only

severe infection of the udder skin with staph can give rise to pustular lesions . 

necrotic dermatitis can be seen in the udderskin where it lies tight agains the medial thigh

treatment is symptomatic with topical AB creams

- wet moist conditions and trauma-intitiating factors to cause pyoderma

papillomatosis

pseudocowpox

herpes mammilitis

udder impetigo

udder odeoma

photosensitisation

teat chaps

milking machine induced lesions

teat lacerations

teat cistern obstructions 

problem in periparturient heifers

related to nutrition circulatory disturbance of udder vessels and possibly with some hereditary component. 

usually resolve once calved and milking commences, but may need to milk earlier than calving, diuretic injections will aid the swelling

painful swollen teat skin in the acute stages

peeling and sloughing of the teat skin. 

local or systemic antiinflamm treatment along with housing out of direct sunlight. 

teat cream 

can be caused by badly fitting teat cup liners

poor environmental conditions

and cold temperatures

beef cows: aggressive suckling of calves, fly bite damage

in dairy cows: teat dips containing glycerine or lanolin will help prevent chaps and in beef cows, fly control and weaning calves before they get too old will help prevent problems. 

malfunctioning milking machines can lead to herd problems of teat end lesions which can predispose cows to mastitis. 

liner slip, incorrect vacuum pressure, overmilking

hyperkeratosis lesions- prolapse of streak canal lining

- secondary infection of teat end lesions with fusibacterium necrophorum leads to dark scabby lesions known as black spot

conservative treatment: injuries which do not involve the teat cistern should be cleaned thoroughly with mild antiseptic and any loose skin trimmed off. a sterlie teat cannula can be inserted to allow milk to be drained during milking time. 

Surgical treatment: rarely succesful and most wounds break down due to secondary infection. fine absorbable suture material on mucosa and submucosal layers. 

a teat cannula can be used to avoid milking until healing is complete. 

congential vs. acquired. 

congenital: blind quarter: might be able to open with needle or teat knife if can feel milk filling up. if no milk can be detected, then suggests a membranous obstruction at the base of the gland cistern. leave quarter alone. 

acquired: 

teat peas: small fibrous lesions in teat lumen or attached by a stalk to the mucosal lining. usually enlarging teat orfice and massaging out. 

pencil obstructions: may follow diffuse teat trauma leading to chronic granulomatous reaction of the teat mucosa.