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Borek Physiology Ch6 Lec8
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40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2012

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Term
The 5 functions of the skeletal system
Definition
Mobility, Production of blood cells, Protection of vital organs, Structure, and Storage of minerals (MoPPSS)
Term
Mesenchymal cells
Definition
Stem cells from which ALL connective tissue descends
Term
Hyaline
Definition
cartilage low in fiber content, found in tip of nose and costal cartilage of (true) ribs
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
high in collagen; characterized by large red bands
Term
Elastic
Definition
cartilage high in elastin; characterized by thin bands; found in ears
Term
Tendons vs. Ligaments
Definition
Connective tissue that is bone to muscle vs. bone to bone
Term
chondroblast
Definition
cells which form the matrix of hyaline cartilage
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
cells found in hyaline cartilage which maintain the matrix; housed in lacunae
Term
Hyaline Cartilage Matrix
Definition
made up of collagen fibers (though not to the extent of fibrocartilage) and proteoglycans for strength and resiliency respectively
Term
perichondrium
Definition
Two layers of connective tissue surrounding cartilage:
Inner--less fibers, contains chondroblasts
Outer--vasculated cells, provide nutrients
Term
degree of vascularization of cartilage
Definition
0. All cartilage is AVASCULAR.
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
covers bones at joints; no perichondrium
Term
appositional growth
Definition
new chondrocytes/matrix at periphery
Term
interstitial growth
Definition
chondrocytes divide, and add more matrix b/t cells
Term
hydroxyapatite
Definition
CaPO4 crystals, makes up the inorganic portion of the bone matrix (stiffness)
Term
organic portion of bone
Definition
collagen fibers and proteoglycans (durability)
Term
3 types of bone cells and purposes
Definition
osteoblasts: precursor, forms matrix through osteogenesis/ossification
osteocytes: maintenence
osteoclasts: remolding, maintains Ca2+ concentration in BLOOD; multinucleated
Term
woven bone
Definition
randomly oriented collagen fibers
found in newly formed bone (fetal, fracture repair)
Term
lamellar bone
Definition
mature bone (sheets), formed in concentric circles around central/haversian canals
remodelled from woven
Term
cancellous bone
Definition
"spongy" bone: contains trabeculae, spaces filled w/marrow
Term
compact bone
Definition
dense bone; built through endochondral ossification
Term
osteogenesis/ossification
Definition
collagen produced by ER of osteoblasts, released by exocytosis via golgi; hydroxyapatite precursors stored in vesicles and released via exocytosis
Osteoblasts communicate through gap junctions
Term
lacunae
Definition
space occupied by osteocyte
Term
canaliculi
Definition
spaces occupied by osteocyte cell processes
Term
Bone resorption
Definition
ruffled border on osteoclast: releases H+'s and enzymes to break down bone
Term
monocytes
Definition
osteoclast precursors formed from red marrow stem cells
Term
Osteochondral progenitor cells
Definition
precursors of osteoblasts and chondroblasts
Term
trabeculae
Definition
interconnecting rods/plates of bone; covered w/ endosteum; oriented along stress lines
Term
central/haversian canal
Definition
parallel to long axis of bone, contain vessels
Term
perforating/volkmann's canal
Definition
perpendicular to long axis of bone, vessels
Term
lamellae
Definition
layers of bone that can be any of the following:
concentric--layered in circles around a central canal
interstitial--filling spaces between osteons
circumferential--layered around edge of bone, just deeper than periosteum
Term
osteon/haversian system
Definition
a central canal and it's surrounding lamellae, osteocytes, and their contents
Term
the four bone shapes
Definition
long (longer than wide)
short (nearly cuboid)
flat (ex: ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae)
irregular (ex: vertebrae, facial)
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft, us. compact
Term
epiphysis
Definition
end, us. cancellous
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
growth plate in epiphysis, hyaline cartilage
present until growth stops, then ossifies into epiphyseal line
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
cavity central in bone; red marrow becomes yellow marrow in limbs and skull(except epiphyses in long bones), all others stay red
Term
periosteum
Definition
double layer: outer is highly fibrous (tendons become continuous herewith), inner is a layer of 'blasts, 'clasts, and progenitors; if outer is lost, important cells are exposed
Term
Sharpey's fibers
Definition
penetrate from outer periosteum into bone, strengthens tendons
Term
Endosteum
Definition
similar to periosteum, more cellular; lines all inner spaces of bone
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