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Book Terms
Description of Chapters
186
Anatomy
Graduate
09/22/2008

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Term
cytology
Definition
analyzes internal structures of cells
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
considers structures that can't be seen without magnification
Term
cells
Definition
smalles units of life
Term
histology
Definition
examines tissues
Term
tissues
Definition
groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
Term
organs
Definition
tisues in combination for these (ex: heart, kidney)
Term
gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy
Definition
considers large structures and features visible to the unaided eye
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
study of general form and superficial anatomical markings
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
considers all superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body (head, neck)
Term
systemic anatomy
Definition
considers the structure of major organ systems (skeletal, Muscular system)
Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
examines changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity
Term
embryology
Definition
considers anatomical organization of different types of animals
Term
clinical anatomy
Definition
focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness
Term
surgical anatomy
Definition
studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedure
Term
radiographic anatomy
Definition
study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays
Term
cros-sectional anatomy
Definition
subspecialty of gross anatomy as new advances in radiographics have occured
Term
levels of organization
Definition
when considering events from microscopic to macroscopic scales
Term
chemical/molecular level of organization
Definition
body consists of more than a dozen elements (H,O,C,N) account for 99% of total atoms
Term
cellular level
Definition
includes cells which contain organelles which together are made up of complex chemicals
Term
muscle cell
Definition
contract powerfully, shortening along their longitudinal axis
Term
water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Definition
67%
3%
10%
20%
Term
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Definition
62%
26%
10%
1.5%
Term
Cardiovascular system (CVS)
Definition
heart, blood and circulatory system
Term
homeostasis
Definition
when the characteristics of the internal enviornment are relatively stable
Term
responsiveness
Definition
organisms respond to changes in their immediate enviornment
Term
adaptability
Definition
capacity to make adjustments relative to their surroundings
Term
what are the 11 systems?
Definition
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Term
integumentary
Definition
protection frome enviornmental hazards (skin, nails, hair)
Term
skeletal
Definition
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage, blood formation (bones)
Term
muscular
Definition
locomotion, support, heat production
Term
nervous
Definition
directing immediate responses to stimuli, by coordinating activities ofother organ systems
Term
endocrine
Definition
directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Term
cardiovascular
Definition
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases
Term
lymphoid
Definition
defense against infection and disease
Term
respiratory
Definition
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Term
digestive
Definition
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water
Term
urinary
Definition
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
Term
reproductive
Definition
production of sex cells and hormones
Term
differentiation
Definition
specialized cells that perform particular functions
Term
movement
Definition
organisms are capable of producing movement, which maybe internal (transporting food, blood) or external ( moving through the enviornment)
Term
metabolism
Definition
all the chemical operations under way in the body
Term
catabolism
Definition
breakdown of comnplex molecules into simple ones
Term
anabolism
Definition
synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones
Term
respiration
Definition
refers to the absorption,transport, and use of oxygen by cells
Term
excretion
Definition
removal of potentially harmful waste products
Term
digestion
Definition
occurs in specialized areas where complex foods are broken down into simpler components that can be absorbed easily
Term
cephalon/cephalic
Definition
head
Term
pes/pedal
Definition
foot
Term
trunk
Definition
thoracis, mamma, abdomen, umbilicus, pelvis
Term
manus
Definition
hand
Term
upper limb
Definition
arm
Term
lover limb
Definition
leg
Term
brachium
Definition
arm
Term
anatomical position
Definition
person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. the hands are at the sides and the palms face forward
Term
cephalon (?)
Definition
cephalic; area of head
Term
cervicis (?)
Definition
cervical; area of neck
Term
thoracis (?)
Definition
thoracic; chest
Term
brachium (?)
Definition
brachial; segment of upper limb closest to the trunk
Term
antebrachium (?)
Definition
antebrachial; forearm
Term
carpus (?)
Definition
carpal; wrist
Term
manus (?)
Definition
manual; hand
Term
abdomen (?)
Definition
abdominal; abdomen
Term
pelvis (?)
Definition
pelvic; pelvis in general
Term
pubis (?)
Definition
pubic; anterior pelvis
Term
inguen (?)
Definition
unguinal; groin
Term
lumbus (?)
Definition
lumbar; lower back
Term
gluteus (?)
Definition
gluteal; buttock
Term
femur (?)
Definition
femoral; thigh
Term
patella (?)
Definition
patellar; kneecap
Term
crus (?)
Definition
crural; leg, from knee to ankle
Term
sura (?)
Definition
sural; calf
Term
tarsus (?)
Definition
tarsal; ankle
Term
planta (?)
Definition
sole;plantar region of foot
Term
supine
Definition
person laying down in the anatomical position, FACE UP
Term
prone
Definition
person lying down in the anatomical position, lying FACE DOWN
Term
abdominopelvic quadrants (4)
Definition
Right upper
Left upper
Right Lower
Left Lower
Term
Right upper quadrant
Definition
right lobe of liver, gallbladder,right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines
Term
right lower quadrant
Definition
cecum, appendix, small intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter
Term
left upper quadrant
Definition
left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large intestine
Term
left lower quadrant
Definition
small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs
Term
anterior
Definition
front;before
Term
ventral
Definition
belly side
Term
posterior
Definition
back, behind
Term
dorsal
Definition
the back
Term
cranial
Definition
toward the head
Term
cephalic
Definition
toward the head
Term
superior
Definition
above, toward the head
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
inferior
Definition
below, toward the feet
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline (longitudinal axis of body)
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline (longitudinal axis)
Term
proxmial
Definition
toward an attached base
Term
distal
Definition
away from attached base
Term
superficial
Definition
at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
Term
deep
Definition
toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
Term
sectional planes
Definition
slice through a three dimensional object
Term
transverse plane
Definition
lies at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Term
frontal plane
Definition
parallel the longitudinal axis. extends from side to side, dividing the body
Term
abdominopelvic regions (9)
Definition
right hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
reight inguinal region
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left inguinal region
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
parallel the longitudinal axis, extends from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into left and right sections
Term
midsagital plane
Definition
the section that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
parallel to the midsagittal line
Term
serial reconstruction
Definition
makes a bunch of slices through an object
Term
body cavities
Definition
internal chambers
Term
ventral body cavity
Definition
contrains organs ofthe respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Term
diaphragm
Definition
separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity, and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
enclosed by the chest wall
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvis
Term
viscera
Definition
the internal organs that project into the chambers either
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the boundaries of the thoracic cavity are established by the muscles and bones of the chest wall and the diaphragm, a muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
mediastinum
Definition
subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
contain a lung
Term
serous membrane
Definition
shiny, slippery substance that lines the pleural cavity
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
covers the outer surface of a lung
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
covers the opposing mediastinal surface and the inner body wall
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
small chamber that surrounds the heart
Term
pericardium
Definition
serous membrane covering the heart
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
layer covering the heart
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
opposing surface of the visceral pericaridum
Term
abdominopelvic cavity (2 sections)
Definition
superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
internal chamber lined by a serous membrane
Term
peritoneum
Definition
membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
Term
mesenteries
Definition
double sheets of peritoneum that are in the stomach and small intestines
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary plane extending from the inferior surface of the lowest spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margins of the pelvic girdle (contains the liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine)
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
inferior to the abdominal cavity. enclosed by the bones of the pelvis, contains the last segments of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Term
cell theory
Definition
concept that cells are the fundamental units of all living things
Term
cell theory (3 concepts)
Definition
1. cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals 2. cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells 3. cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
Term
sex cells
Definition
either the sperm of males or the oocytes of females
Term
somatic cells
Definition
include all other cells in the body
Term
light microscopy
Definition
a method in which a beadm of light is passed through the object to be viewed
Term
transmission electron microscopy
Definition
electrons penetrate an ultrathin section of tissue to strike a photographic plate
Term
scanning electron microscopy
Definition
electrons bouncing off exposed surfaces that have been coated with a gold-carbon film create a scanning electron micrograph
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
the water medium that cells float in
Term
plasmalemma
Definition
separates the cell contents
Term
plasmalemma (composition)
Definition
lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates
Term
plasmalemma (function)
Definition
isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; control of entrance/exit of materials
Term
cytoskeleton (two parts)
Composition
Functions
Definition
microtubule, mircofilament
membrane extensions containing microfilaments
increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
Term
cytosol Composition



cytosol functions
Definition
fluid component of cytoplasm; may contain inclusions of insoluble materials
distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments and other materials
Term
microvilli (composition)


Microvilli (function)
Definition
membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
movement of materials over cell surface
Term
centrosome (1)
Composition

Function
Definition
centrioles
proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials
Term
cillia (composition)


Function
Definition
cytoplasm containing two centrioles, at right angles; each cnetriole is composed of nine microtubule triplets
essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton
Term
ribosomes (composition)


Function
Definition
RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm
protein synthesis
Term
mitochondria (composition)
Function
Definition
double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing metabolic enzymes
produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell
Term
nucleus (3)

composition




functions
Definition
nuclear envelope, nucleolous, nuclear pore
nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing DNA
control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
Term
nuclear envelope, nucleolous, nuclear pore (composition)
Function
Definition
dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (2)
composition
Function
Definition
rough Er, smooth ER
network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm
synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
Term
rough ER (composition)
Function
Definition
has ribosomes bound to membranes
modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Term
smooth er (composition)
Function
Definition
lacks attached ribosomes
lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis; calcium ion storage
Term
golgi apparatus (composition)

function
Definition
stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers
storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Term
lysosomes (composition)
Function
Definition
vesicles containing digestive enzymes
intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens
Term
peroxisome (composition)
functions
Definition
vesicles containing degradative enzymes
catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process. formed only by specialized cells in the immune system
Term
phospholipid bilayer
Definition
the plasmalemma is called this because its phospholipids form two distinct layers
Term
two types of membrane proteins
Definition
peripheral proteins and Integral Proteins
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
are attached to either the inner or the outer membrane surface
Term
integral proteins
Definition
embeded in the membrane and span the entire width of the membrane one or more times
Term
integral proteins
Definition
embeded in the membrane and span the entire width of the membrane one or more times
Term
channels
Definition
let water molecules,ions, and small water soluble compounds into or out of the cell
Term
gated
Definition
they only open or close to regulate the passage of materials
Term
glyoalx
Definition
the carbohydrate component of the glycolipids and glycoproteins that extend away from the outer surface of the plasmalemma form a viscous, superficial coating known as this
Term
physical isolation
Definition
physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid
Term
regulation of exchange with the enviornment
Definition
plasmalemma controls the entry of ions and nutrients, the elimination of wastes, and the release of secretory products
Term
sensitivity
Definition
changes in the extracelellur fluid. contains a variety of receptors that allow the cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules in its environment, and to communicate with other cells
Term
structural support
Definition
specialized connections between plasmalemmae or between membranes and extracellular materials give tissues a stable structure
Term
permeability
Definition
property that determines its effectiveness as a barrier. the greater the permeability, the easier it is for substances to cross the membrane
Term
impermeable
Definition
if nothing can cross the membrane
Term
freely permeable
Definition
if any substance can cross without difficulty
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
plasmalemma are said to be this because it lets some materials go through and others not.
Term
ATP
Definition
adenosine triphosphate (energy source)
Term
three passive processes
Definition
diffusion, osmosis, facillitated diffusion
Term
diffusion
Definition
net movement of material from an area where its concentration is realitvely high to an area where its concentration is relatively low
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
the difference between the high and low concentrations represents this
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water across a membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
Term
active transport
Definition
when the high energy bond in ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane (its not dependent on the concentration gradient)
Term
ion pumps
Definition
move a specific cation of anion in one direction, either into or out of the cell.
Term
exchange pump
Definition
if one ion moves in one direction while another moves in the opposite direction
Term
endocytosis
Definition
the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell
Term
three types of endocytosis
Definition
pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
pinosomes
Definition
vesicles filled with extracellular fluid
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
is cell drinking, a deep groove or pocket forms in the plasmalemma and then pinches off, then nutrients enter the cytoplasm by diffusion from the enclosed fluid
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
solid objects are taken into cells and enclosed withing vesicle by this or cell eating. this process produces vesicles that may be as large as the cell itself
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
produces coated vesicles taht contain a specific target molecule in high concentrations
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the general term for all the material inside the cell
Term
inclusion
Definition
the cytosol of cells contain masses of insoluble materials known as these, the most common are store in nutrients
Term
non membranous organelles
Definition
always in contact with the cytosol
Term
cellular organelles can be divided into two broad categories
Definition
nonmembranous organelles, membranous organelles
Term
membranous organelles
Definition
surrounded by membranes that isolate their contents from the cytosol
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