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Definition
| analyzes internal structures of cells |
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Definition
| considers structures that can't be seen without magnification |
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| groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions |
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Definition
| tisues in combination for these (ex: heart, kidney) |
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Term
| gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy |
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Definition
| considers large structures and features visible to the unaided eye |
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Definition
| study of general form and superficial anatomical markings |
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Definition
| considers all superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body (head, neck) |
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Definition
| considers the structure of major organ systems (skeletal, Muscular system) |
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Definition
| examines changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity |
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Definition
| considers anatomical organization of different types of animals |
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Definition
| focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness |
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Definition
| studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedure |
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Definition
| study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays |
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Definition
| subspecialty of gross anatomy as new advances in radiographics have occured |
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Definition
| when considering events from microscopic to macroscopic scales |
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Term
| chemical/molecular level of organization |
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Definition
| body consists of more than a dozen elements (H,O,C,N) account for 99% of total atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| includes cells which contain organelles which together are made up of complex chemicals |
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Definition
| contract powerfully, shortening along their longitudinal axis |
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Term
water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins |
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Definition
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Term
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiovascular system (CVS) |
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Definition
| heart, blood and circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| when the characteristics of the internal enviornment are relatively stable |
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Definition
| organisms respond to changes in their immediate enviornment |
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Definition
| capacity to make adjustments relative to their surroundings |
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Definition
| integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
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Definition
| protection frome enviornmental hazards (skin, nails, hair) |
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Definition
| support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage, blood formation (bones) |
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Definition
| locomotion, support, heat production |
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Definition
| directing immediate responses to stimuli, by coordinating activities ofother organ systems |
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Definition
| directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems |
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Definition
| internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases |
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Definition
| defense against infection and disease |
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Definition
| delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood |
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Definition
| processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water |
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Definition
| elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH |
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Definition
| production of sex cells and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that perform particular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms are capable of producing movement, which maybe internal (transporting food, blood) or external ( moving through the enviornment) |
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Definition
| all the chemical operations under way in the body |
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Definition
| breakdown of comnplex molecules into simple ones |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the absorption,transport, and use of oxygen by cells |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of potentially harmful waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in specialized areas where complex foods are broken down into simpler components that can be absorbed easily |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thoracis, mamma, abdomen, umbilicus, pelvis |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. the hands are at the sides and the palms face forward |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| brachial; segment of upper limb closest to the trunk |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| pelvic; pelvis in general |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| crural; leg, from knee to ankle |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| sole;plantar region of foot |
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Definition
| person laying down in the anatomical position, FACE UP |
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Term
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Definition
| person lying down in the anatomical position, lying FACE DOWN |
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Term
| abdominopelvic quadrants (4) |
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Definition
Right upper
Left upper
Right Lower
Left Lower |
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Term
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Definition
| right lobe of liver, gallbladder,right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| cecum, appendix, small intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter |
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Term
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Definition
| left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| toward the midline (longitudinal axis of body) |
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Definition
| away from midline (longitudinal axis) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| at, near, or relatively close to the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| slice through a three dimensional object |
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Term
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Definition
| lies at right angles to the longitudinal axis |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel the longitudinal axis. extends from side to side, dividing the body |
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Term
| abdominopelvic regions (9) |
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Definition
right hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
reight inguinal region
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left inguinal region |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel the longitudinal axis, extends from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into left and right sections |
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Term
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Definition
| the section that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to the midsagittal line |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a bunch of slices through an object |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contrains organs ofthe respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity, and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed by the chest wall |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| the internal organs that project into the chambers either |
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Term
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Definition
| the boundaries of the thoracic cavity are established by the muscles and bones of the chest wall and the diaphragm, a muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivisions of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shiny, slippery substance that lines the pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the outer surface of a lung |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the opposing mediastinal surface and the inner body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| small chamber that surrounds the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| serous membrane covering the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| opposing surface of the visceral pericaridum |
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Term
| abdominopelvic cavity (2 sections) |
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Definition
| superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| internal chamber lined by a serous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| double sheets of peritoneum that are in the stomach and small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary plane extending from the inferior surface of the lowest spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margins of the pelvic girdle (contains the liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine) |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior to the abdominal cavity. enclosed by the bones of the pelvis, contains the last segments of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and reproductive organs |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that cells are the fundamental units of all living things |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals 2. cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells 3. cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions |
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Term
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Definition
| either the sperm of males or the oocytes of females |
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Term
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Definition
| include all other cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which a beadm of light is passed through the object to be viewed |
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Term
| transmission electron microscopy |
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Definition
| electrons penetrate an ultrathin section of tissue to strike a photographic plate |
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Term
| scanning electron microscopy |
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Definition
| electrons bouncing off exposed surfaces that have been coated with a gold-carbon film create a scanning electron micrograph |
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Term
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Definition
| the water medium that cells float in |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the cell contents |
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Term
| plasmalemma (composition) |
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Definition
| lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; control of entrance/exit of materials |
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Term
cytoskeleton (two parts)
Composition
Functions |
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Definition
microtubule, mircofilament
membrane extensions containing microfilaments
increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials |
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Term
cytosol Composition
cytosol functions |
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Definition
fluid component of cytoplasm; may contain inclusions of insoluble materials
distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments and other materials |
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Term
microvilli (composition)
Microvilli (function) |
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Definition
membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
movement of materials over cell surface |
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Term
centrosome (1)
Composition
Function |
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Definition
centrioles
proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials |
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Term
cillia (composition)
Function |
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Definition
cytoplasm containing two centrioles, at right angles; each cnetriole is composed of nine microtubule triplets
essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton |
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Term
ribosomes (composition)
Function |
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Definition
RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm
protein synthesis |
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Term
mitochondria (composition)
Function |
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Definition
double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing metabolic enzymes
produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell |
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Term
nucleus (3)
composition
functions |
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Definition
nuclear envelope, nucleolous, nuclear pore
nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing DNA
control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis |
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Term
nuclear envelope, nucleolous, nuclear pore (composition)
Function |
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Definition
dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits |
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Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (2)
composition
Function |
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Definition
rough Er, smooth ER
network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm
synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport |
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Term
rough ER (composition)
Function |
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Definition
has ribosomes bound to membranes
modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins |
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Term
smooth er (composition)
Function |
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Definition
lacks attached ribosomes
lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis; calcium ion storage |
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Term
golgi apparatus (composition)
function |
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Definition
stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers
storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes |
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Term
lysosomes (composition)
Function |
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Definition
vesicles containing digestive enzymes
intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens |
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Term
peroxisome (composition)
functions |
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Definition
vesicles containing degradative enzymes
catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process. formed only by specialized cells in the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| the plasmalemma is called this because its phospholipids form two distinct layers |
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Term
| two types of membrane proteins |
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Definition
| peripheral proteins and Integral Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| are attached to either the inner or the outer membrane surface |
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Term
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Definition
| embeded in the membrane and span the entire width of the membrane one or more times |
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Term
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Definition
| embeded in the membrane and span the entire width of the membrane one or more times |
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Term
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Definition
| let water molecules,ions, and small water soluble compounds into or out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| they only open or close to regulate the passage of materials |
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Term
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Definition
| the carbohydrate component of the glycolipids and glycoproteins that extend away from the outer surface of the plasmalemma form a viscous, superficial coating known as this |
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Term
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Definition
| physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid |
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Term
| regulation of exchange with the enviornment |
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Definition
| plasmalemma controls the entry of ions and nutrients, the elimination of wastes, and the release of secretory products |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the extracelellur fluid. contains a variety of receptors that allow the cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules in its environment, and to communicate with other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized connections between plasmalemmae or between membranes and extracellular materials give tissues a stable structure |
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Term
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Definition
| property that determines its effectiveness as a barrier. the greater the permeability, the easier it is for substances to cross the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| if nothing can cross the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| if any substance can cross without difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
| plasmalemma are said to be this because it lets some materials go through and others not. |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate (energy source) |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion, osmosis, facillitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of material from an area where its concentration is realitvely high to an area where its concentration is relatively low |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the high and low concentrations represents this |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of water across a membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| when the high energy bond in ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane (its not dependent on the concentration gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
| move a specific cation of anion in one direction, either into or out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| if one ion moves in one direction while another moves in the opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
| the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell |
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Term
| three types of endocytosis |
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Definition
| pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles filled with extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| is cell drinking, a deep groove or pocket forms in the plasmalemma and then pinches off, then nutrients enter the cytoplasm by diffusion from the enclosed fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| solid objects are taken into cells and enclosed withing vesicle by this or cell eating. this process produces vesicles that may be as large as the cell itself |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| produces coated vesicles taht contain a specific target molecule in high concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| the general term for all the material inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the cytosol of cells contain masses of insoluble materials known as these, the most common are store in nutrients |
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Term
| non membranous organelles |
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Definition
| always in contact with the cytosol |
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Term
| cellular organelles can be divided into two broad categories |
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Definition
| nonmembranous organelles, membranous organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by membranes that isolate their contents from the cytosol |
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