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Bones #1
Bones #1
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2009

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Cards

Term
what bones make up the axial skeleton?
Definition
head, spinal column, sternum, and ribs
Term
what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
Term
the skeletan system includes:
Definition
joints, cartilage, ligaments, and bones
Term
what are the functions of bones?
Definition
support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation
Term
what are the four types of bones?
Definition
long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
Term
what is the diaphysis?
Definition
shaft of the long bone (compact)
Term
what is the periosteum?
Definition
the covering and protection of the long bone (fibrous connective tissue membrane)
Term
what are the sharpey's fibers?
Definition
the hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (perforating)
Term
what is the epiphyses?
Definition
the ends of the long bone (spongy bone enclosed by compact bone)
Term
what is articular cartilage?
Definition
cartilage that covers the diarthrodial joints (hyaline cartilage)
Term
what is the epiphyseal line?
Definition
a remnant of the epiphyseal plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
Term
what is the medullary cavity?
Definition
the cavity of the shaft (contains bone marrow)
Term
what is yellow bone marrow?
Definition
adipose fat tissue stored in the medullary cavity of adult long bones.
Term
what is red bone marrow
Definition
responsible for red blood cell formation (hematopoeisis).  in adults, this is confined to cavities in the spongy bone of the flat bones - in infants, it is also found in the medullary cavities
Term
what are the osteocytes?
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
what are the lacunae?
Definition
the tiny cavities containing the osteocytes
Term
what are the lamellae
Definition
the arrangement of concentric circles that contain the lacunae
Term
what is the central (Haversian) canals
Definition
central canals that run lengthwise through the bony matrix, carying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
Term
what is an osteon?
Definition
A complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings (a Haversian system)
Term
what is the canaliculi?
Definition
tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae
Term
what is the perforating (Volkmann's) canals?
Definition
the communication pathways from the outside of the bone to the bones interior (and the central canals) - they run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft
Term
what is appositional growth?
Definition
the process by which bones increase in diameter
Term
what is parathyroid hormone?
Definition
this hormone releases osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood when the calcium level drops below homeostatic levels
Term
what is hypercalcemia?
Definition
when blood calcium levels are too high
Term
what is rickets?
Definition
a disease in children in which the bones fail to calcify and show a definitive bowing
Term
what is a fracture?
Definition
when a bone breaks
Term
what is reduction?
Definition
treating a fracture through the realignment of bone ends
Term
what is closed reduction?
Definition
when the physician coaxes the bone ends back into their normal position
Term
what is open reduction?
Definition
when surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires
Term
what is the healing time for a simple fracture?
Definition
6 to 8 weeks but is longer for older people (because of their poorer circulation)
Term
what is an invertebral disc?
Definition
the pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate the vertebra
Term
what is a herniated disc?
Definition
when an invertebral disc slips out from the vertebra
Term
what are the primary curvatures?
Definition
the curvatures in the spinal and sacral region (present when we are born)
Term
what are the secondary curvatures?
Definition
the cervical and lumbar regions (develop after birth)
Term
what are fibrous joints?
Definition
joints that unite bones (sutures of the skull)
Term
what is bursitis?
Definition
inflammation of bursae or synovial membrane (water on the knee)
Term
what is a sprain?
Definition
the ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or are torn away from the bone
Term
what is arthritis?
Definition
an inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joints
Term
what is osteoarthritis?
Definition
a chronic degenerative condition that breaks down the articular cartilage
Term
what are bone spurs?
Definition
these grow around the margins of the eroded cartilage and restrict joint movement
Term
what is crepitus?
Definition
the crunching noise made when arthritic joints are moved
Term
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease attacking the synovial membranes
Term
what is pannus?
Definition
an abnormal tissue that clings to and erodes articular cartilages
Term
what is ankylosis?
Definition
bone ends that are firmly fused and deformed (caused by rheumatoid arthritis)
Term
what is gouty arthritis (gout)?
Definition
a disease in whichuric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints
Term
what is osteoporosis
Definition
a bone-thinning disease that makes the bones very fragile
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