Term
| what bones make up the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
| head, spinal column, sternum, and ribs |
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Term
| what bones make up the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
| pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs |
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Term
| the skeletan system includes: |
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Definition
| joints, cartilage, ligaments, and bones |
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Term
| what are the functions of bones? |
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Definition
| support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation |
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Term
| what are the four types of bones? |
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Definition
| long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones |
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Term
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Definition
| shaft of the long bone (compact) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the covering and protection of the long bone (fibrous connective tissue membrane) |
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Term
| what are the sharpey's fibers? |
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Definition
| the hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (perforating) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ends of the long bone (spongy bone enclosed by compact bone) |
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Term
| what is articular cartilage? |
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Definition
| cartilage that covers the diarthrodial joints (hyaline cartilage) |
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Term
| what is the epiphyseal line? |
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Definition
| a remnant of the epiphyseal plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis |
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Term
| what is the medullary cavity? |
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Definition
| the cavity of the shaft (contains bone marrow) |
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Term
| what is yellow bone marrow? |
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Definition
| adipose fat tissue stored in the medullary cavity of adult long bones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for red blood cell formation (hematopoeisis). in adults, this is confined to cavities in the spongy bone of the flat bones - in infants, it is also found in the medullary cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the tiny cavities containing the osteocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the arrangement of concentric circles that contain the lacunae |
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Term
| what is the central (Haversian) canals |
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Definition
| central canals that run lengthwise through the bony matrix, carying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| A complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings (a Haversian system) |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae |
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Term
| what is the perforating (Volkmann's) canals? |
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Definition
| the communication pathways from the outside of the bone to the bones interior (and the central canals) - they run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft |
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Term
| what is appositional growth? |
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Definition
| the process by which bones increase in diameter |
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Term
| what is parathyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| this hormone releases osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood when the calcium level drops below homeostatic levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| when blood calcium levels are too high |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease in children in which the bones fail to calcify and show a definitive bowing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| treating a fracture through the realignment of bone ends |
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Term
| what is closed reduction? |
|
Definition
| when the physician coaxes the bone ends back into their normal position |
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Term
|
Definition
| when surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires |
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Term
| what is the healing time for a simple fracture? |
|
Definition
| 6 to 8 weeks but is longer for older people (because of their poorer circulation) |
|
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Term
| what is an invertebral disc? |
|
Definition
| the pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate the vertebra |
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|
Term
| what is a herniated disc? |
|
Definition
| when an invertebral disc slips out from the vertebra |
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Term
| what are the primary curvatures? |
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Definition
| the curvatures in the spinal and sacral region (present when we are born) |
|
|
Term
| what are the secondary curvatures? |
|
Definition
| the cervical and lumbar regions (develop after birth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| joints that unite bones (sutures of the skull) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of bursae or synovial membrane (water on the knee) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or are torn away from the bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chronic degenerative condition that breaks down the articular cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| these grow around the margins of the eroded cartilage and restrict joint movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| the crunching noise made when arthritic joints are moved |
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Term
| what is rheumatoid arthritis? |
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Definition
| a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease attacking the synovial membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal tissue that clings to and erodes articular cartilages |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone ends that are firmly fused and deformed (caused by rheumatoid arthritis) |
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Term
| what is gouty arthritis (gout)? |
|
Definition
| a disease in whichuric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bone-thinning disease that makes the bones very fragile |
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