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bones
veterinary anatomy and phys
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/21/2011

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Term
Two types of bone
Definition
• Cancellous bone: light and “spongy” Tiny "spicules" of bone that appear randomly arranged
• Spaces between the spicules contain bone marrow
• Keeps bones light but strong
• Compact bone: dense and heavyShafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
• Composed of haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone
• Outer membrane called periosteum
Term
• BONES OF CRANIUM •
External bones
Definition
– Occipital bones (1)
– Interparietal bones (2)
– Parietal bones (2)
– Temporal bones (2)
– Frontal bones (2)
Term
• CRANIUM Internal Bones:
Definition
– Ethmoid bone (1)
– Sphenoid bone (1)
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
Forms blood cells (hematopoietic)
Majority of the bone marrow of young animals
Only a small portion of the marrow of older animals
Confined to a few specific locations in older animals
Pelvis, sternum, ends of long bones
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue (fat)
Most common type of marrow in adult animals
Can revert to red bone marrow if needed
Combat anemia
Term
Processes
Definition
• Projections off a bone surface
• Name depends on location
• Examples:
– Spinous process of a vertebra
– Trochanter on the femur
– Tuberosity on the ischium
– Spine on the scapula
– Wing on the atlas
Term
• Axial Skeleton – head and trunk (central axis area)
Definition
– Skull
– Hyoid bone
– Spinal column
– Ribs
– Sternum
Term
Appendicular Skeleton – limbs (appendages
Definition
Thoracic limb
Pelvic limb
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition
Sometimes included with the cranial bones
Also called the hyoid apparatus
Composed of several portions of bone
Term
External Bones of the Face
Definition
Incisive bones (2)
House upper incisors
Nasal bones (2)
Form bridge of nose
Maxillary bones (2)
Upper jaw teeth
Lacrimal bones (2)
Medial portion of orbit
Zygomatic bones (2)
Support eye orbit with temporal bone forming zygomatic arch
Term
Internal Bones of the Face
Definition
Vomer bone (1)
Forms nasal septum
Turbinates (4)
Scroll-like bones filling nasal cavity
Pterygoid bones (2)
Lateral wall of pharynx
Palatine bones (2)
Caudal portion of hard palate on roof of the mouth
(Maxillary bone makes up the rostral portion of the hard palate
Separates mouth from nasal cavity
Term
Vertebrae
Definition
Form cartilagenous joints
Term
Vertebrae
Definition
Vertebral arches
line up to form the
spinal canal
Vertebrae usually
contain several
processes
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Articular processes
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
C1- Atlas
C2- Axis
7 total cervical vertebrae in almost ALL mammals
Term
Ribs Costal Cartilage:
Definition
ventral ends of the ribs
Term
RIBS Costochondral junction:
Definition
area where costal
cartilage meets bony rib
Term
Thoracic Limb
Definition
No direct, bony connection to axial skeleton
Scapula
flat, triangular
Humerus
brachium or upper arm
Radius & Ulna
Antebrachium (elbow to carpus)
Carpal bones (carpus) – two rows
Metacarpal bones – distal to carpus
Phalanges - (singular-phalanx)
Phalanges= bones that make up the digits (toes)
Term
Scapula
Definition
Flat, triangular bone
Forms portion of the shoulder joint
Spine of the scapula: longitudinal ridge on lateral surface
Glenoid cavity: shallow, concave articular surface- forms socket for
Term
Humerus
Definition
Long bone of the
brachium
Forms portion of
the shoulder joint
and elbow joint
Tubercles: processes
where shoulder
muscles attach
Term
Humerus
Definition
Ball portion of shoulder joint
Condyles: articular
surfaces
Trochlea: articulates with ulna - medial
Capitulum: articulates with radius - lateral
Olecranon fossa: indentation above condyle
Epicondyles: non-articular
Term
Antebrachium – the Ulna
Definition
Olecranon process - Point of the elbow
Site for tendon attachment of triceps brachii muscle
Trochlear notch: concave articular surface
Anconeal process – tucks into olecrannon fossa
Coronoid processes - medial and lateral
Articulate with radius
Styloid process – articulates with carpus
Term
Antebrachium – the Radius
Definition
Main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium
Proximal surface and facets articulate with humerus and ulna
Styloid process articulates with carpus
Term
The Carpus
Definition
Two rows of carpal bones
Proximal row bones are named (radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone)
Distal row bones are numbered medial to lateral
Term
Pelvic Limb
Definition
Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Femur (patella)
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones (tarsus/hock)
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Term
Pelvis
Definition
3 fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pelvic symphysis: cartilaginous joint between the two halves of the pelvis
Bones fuse to form acetabulum – deep socket for the hip joint
Term
Femur
Definition
Long bone of the thigh
Proximal end forms
part of hip joint
Femoral head fits
deeply into acetabulum
of pelvis (ball & socket)
Trochanters: processes
where hip and thigh
muscles attach
Distal end forms stifle joint
Term
Femur
Definition
Shaft extends downward
to form the stifle joint with patella & tibia
Articular surfaces:
2 condyles – medial and lateral
trochlea
Trochlea: articular groove containing the patella
Epicondyles
Non-articulating
Palpable landmarks
Term
Patella (kneecap)
Definition
Largest sesamoid bone
Formed in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle
Protects the tendon to its insertion on tibial crest
Term
Fabellae
Definition
Two small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendons of dogs and cats
Not present in cattle or horses
Term
Tibia
Definition
Main weight-bearing bone of lower limb
Forms the stifle joint with the femur, the hock with the tarsus
Tibial tuberosity – attaches patella
Forward facing point of tibial condyles at proximal articulation
Term
Fibula
Definition
Parallel to tibia
Not weight-bearing
Serves as a muscle attachment site
Lateral malleolus: knob-like process distal end
Term
Tarsus
Definition
Hock (ankle)
2 rows of tarsal bones
Proximal row is named; distal row is numbered medial to lateral
Calcaneal tuberosity: point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle on fibular tarsal bone
Term
Metatarsal Bones
Definition
Dogs & cats: four metatarsal bones (II to V)
Horses: one large metatarsal bone (cannon bone) and two small metatarsal bones (the splint bones)
Term
Visceral Skeleton
Definition
Bones that form in organs
Examples
os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep
os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses
os rostri: in nose of swine
Term
Joints
Definition
Terms “arthro” and “articular” refer to joints
Three general classifications:
Fibrous joints: immovable
Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable
Synovial joints: freely movable
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
United by fibrous
tissue
Examples: sutures
of skull, splint bones
of horses
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Amphiarthroses
Capable of slight rocking movement
Examples: mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
Diarthroses
Components
Articular surfaces on bones
Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering articular surfaces
Fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule
Synovial membrane produces
Synovial fluid- a lubricant
Ligaments - fibrous connective tissue
Join bones to bones
Term
Synovial Joint Movements
Definition
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Term
Synovial Joint Movements
Definition
Flexion and Extension
Opposite movements
Increase or decrease the angle between two bones
Term
Synovial Joint Movements
Definition
Rotation
Twisting movement of a part on its own axis
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
Term
Types of Synovial Joints
Definition
Hinge joints
Gliding joints
Pivot joints
Ball-and-socket joints
Term
Hinge Joint ex
Definition
: elbow joint
Term
Gliding Joint ex
Definition
Arthrodial joints
Rocking motion of one joint surface on the other
Primarily capable of flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction possible
Example: carpus
Term
Pivot Joint ex
Definition
Trochoid joints
One bone pivots
(rotates) on another
Only capable of
rotation
Example: the
atlantoaxial joint
vertebrae
Term
Tendons vs. Ligaments
Definition
Both are firm bands of connective tissue
Tendons join muscles to bones
Ligaments join bones to bones
Ex: Stifle joint has several ligaments supporting the joint
Medial and lateral collateral
Cranial and caudal cruciate
Subject to tearing – common injury in dogs and human athletes
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Named because they looked like sesame seeds when first discovered
Bones imbedded within tendons to help strengthen them as they pass through areas of high stress
Patella is largest sesamoid
Racehorses susceptible to fractures in sesamoids
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