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| Bodies framework, constructed of two most supportive tissues found in body- cartilage and bone. |
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| those bones that lie around the body's center of gravity |
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| bones of the limbs or appendages |
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| composed of small traveculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space |
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| Long, short, flat and irregular |
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longer than they are wide and generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end; composed predominantly of compact bone
humerus, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals |
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typically cubed shaped; contain more spongy bone than compact bone
carpals, tarsals (including talus), patella, calcaneus |
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generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many flat bones are curved
scapula, sternum, ribs, skull |
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Bones that do not fall into one of the other categories.
vertebra, illium, ischium, pubis, bones of the pelvic girdle
Ex: Vertebrae |
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| Large rounded projection; may be roughened |
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| Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
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Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. The only examples are on the femur.
large, irregularly shaped projection |
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| Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest |
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| Small rounded projection or process |
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| Raised area on or above a condule |
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| Sharp, slender, process/often pointed projection |
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| Projections that are sites of MUSCLE & LIGAMENT attachment |
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| tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process |
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| Projections that help to FORM JOINTS |
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| head, facet, condyle, ramus |
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Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
structure supported on neck |
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| Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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| Rounded articular projection |
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| DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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| meatus, fossa, groove, fissue, foramen |
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| Canal-like passageway/structure |
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| Shallow, basinlike depression, often serving as an articular surface |
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| Round or oval opening through a bone |
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| shaft of the long bone; smooth surface, composed of compact bone |
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| fibrous membrane covering of the long bone; protects the bone; structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments; supplies osteoblasts for new bone |
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| Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers |
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| fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone |
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| end of the long bone; composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone |
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| covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum; composed of glassy hyaline cartilage; prevents friction at joint surface |
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| in young and growing animals; has a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth; once a bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thing barely discernible remnants- the EPIPHYSEAL LINES. |
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| adipose tissue found in adults |
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area involved in forming blood cells, found in marrow cavities of infant.
in adults, red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone. |
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| delicate lining of the shaft; also covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of compact bone; contains both osteoblasts & osteoclasts |
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| Chemical Composition of Bone |
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Organic components include cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts) and osteoid. Osteoid makes up 1/3 of matrix & includes ground substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of which are made and secreted by osteoblasts = bone flexibility
inorganic calcium salts (hydroxyapatites) deposited in its ground substance= hardness of bone |
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| Structure of Compact Bone |
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| central(Haversian) canal; osteocytes; lacunae; circumferential lamellae; insterstitial lamellae; osteon (Haversian system); canaliculi; perforating (Volkmann's) canals |
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| Osteon (Haversian System) |
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| made up of central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it |
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| Endochondral ossification in a developing long bone- Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate |
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Definition
Looking at a slide from top to bottom:
Resting (quiescent) zone
Growth (proliferation) Zone- Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Hypertrophi zone- Older cartilage cells enlarge.
Calcification zone- Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating
Ossification (osteogenic) zone- New bone formation is occuring |
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| Cartilages of the Skeleton |
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Articular, costal, laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial, nasal, invertebral discs
cartilage supporting the external ear |
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| cover the bone ends of movable joints |
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| connect the ribs to the sternum |
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| largely construct the larynx |
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| Tracheal & Bronchial cartilages |
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| reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system |
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| support the external nose |
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| separate & cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae) |
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| dense connective tissue covering cartilage; acts like a girdle to resist distortion of the cartilage when the cartilage is subject to pressure; plays a role in cartilage growth & repair. |
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| hyaline, elastic & fibrocartilage |
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looks like frosted glass; most skeletal cartilages made of this; provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give"
Include: articular, costal, respiratory, larynx & nasal cartilages |
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| "hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers"; much more flexible; tolerates repeated bending; cartilage of external ear & epiglottis |
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| consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers; looks like a cartilage-dense regular connective tissue hybrid; has great tensile strength and can handle heavy compression; constructs the intervertebral discs & cartilages within the knee joint |
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Epiphyseal face vs. Diaphyseal face
(Compare & contrast events occurring in these two places) |
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Epiphyseal Face: Cartilage cells are resting & relatively inactive. Right below, cartilage cells are rapidly reproducing.
Diaphyseal face: Chondrocytes are dying, the matrix is calcifying & the cartilage is being replaced by bone. |
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| Basic Components of Cartilage |
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| cells called chondrocytes, encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers. |
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| "Growth from outside"- cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue. |
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| "Growth from inside"- the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within. |
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| blood cell formation which occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones |
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| 4 Major Cell Types Found in Bone |
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| osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
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| Ossification/Osteogenisis |
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| the process of bone formation |
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| bone developed from a fibrous membrane during intramembranous ossification |
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| Catilage/Endochondrial Bone |
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| bone develped by replacing hyaline cartilage during endochondral ossification |
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| a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. |
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| superior and medial nasal conchae formed from its projections |
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| Site of the mastoid process |
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| 4 bones containing the paranasal sinuses |
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| frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla |
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| Bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb," or crista galli |
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| scapular region to which the clavicle connects |
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| shoulder girdle bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the bony thorax |
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| 3 bones that fuse to form the coxal bone |
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| "sit down" bone of the coxal bone |
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| superiormost margin of the coxal bone |
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| deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone |
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| joint between axial skeleton & pelvic girdle |
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| bones forming the knee joint |
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| point where the patellar ligament attaches |
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| bones forming the instep of the foot |
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| opening in the hop bone formed by the pubic and ishcial rami |
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| sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur |
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| gluteal tuberosity and great & lesser trachanter |
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| tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia |
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| What is the function of the periosteum? |
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| protects the bone & is the structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; it provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments & supplies osteoblasts for new bone |
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| major submembranous site of osteoclasts |
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| essentially immovable joints; sutures are the most remembered examples; bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue |
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| typically allows a slight degree of movement; includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis; characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions |
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| all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity; all are freely movable or diarthrotic; include the hip, knee & elbow joints |
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| dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together; reinforces joints |
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| dense fibrous connective tissue attaching tendon to bone; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint |
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| Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where bones articulate |
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| loose connective tissue; produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule |
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| fluid-filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses bone |
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| synovial; uniaxial joints; between axis & atlas; between radius & ulna; |
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| Synovial; diarthrotic; articular processes(intervertebral); vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs (vertebrocostal); acromion of scapula & clavicle (acromioclavicular); adjacent carpals (intercarpal); carpals & metacarpals (carpometarpal of digits 2-5); sacrum & coxal bone (sacroilliac); femur & patella (knee); tibia & fibula-proximally (tibiofibular); adjacent tarsals (intertarsal); tarsal & metatarsal (tarsometatarsal) |
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| Synovial; occipital bone of skull & axis (Atlanto-occipital); radius & proximal carpals (wrist/radiocarpal); metacarpal & proximal phalanx (knuckle/metacarpophalangeal); metatarsal & proximal phalanx (metatarsophalangeal) |
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| Synovial; ulna & radius (elbow); adjacent phalanges (fingers & toes); tibia & fibula w/talus (ankle) |
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| articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of pad of cartilage |
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| the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage |
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| the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage |
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| the articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; the bones do not interlock |
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| the ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment |
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| when bones are forced out of their normal position in the joint cavity |
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