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Bones
Module 3
108
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/02/2011

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Term
Skeleton
Definition
Bodies framework, constructed of two most supportive tissues found in body- cartilage and bone.
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
those bones that lie around the body's center of gravity
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
bones of the limbs or appendages
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
smooth and homogenous
Term
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Definition
composed of small traveculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space
Term
4 Groups of Bones
Definition
Long, short, flat and irregular
Term
Long bones
Definition
longer than they are wide and generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end; composed predominantly of compact bone

humerus, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
Term
Short Bones
Definition
typically cubed shaped; contain more spongy bone than compact bone

carpals, tarsals (including talus), patella, calcaneus
Term
Flat bones
Definition
generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many flat bones are curved

scapula, sternum, ribs, skull
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Bones that do not fall into one of the other categories.

vertebra, illium, ischium, pubis, bones of the pelvic girdle
Ex: Vertebrae
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
Term
Crest
Definition
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Term
Trochanter
Definition
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. The only examples are on the femur.
large, irregularly shaped projection
Term
Line
Definition
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Term
Tubercle
Definition
Small rounded projection or process
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
Raised area on or above a condule
Term
Spine
Definition
Sharp, slender, process/often pointed projection
Term
Process
Definition
Prominence or projection
Term
Projections that are sites of MUSCLE & LIGAMENT attachment
Definition
tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process
Term
Projections that help to FORM JOINTS
Definition
head, facet, condyle, ramus
Term
Head
Definition
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

structure supported on neck
Term
Facet
Definition
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Term
Condyle
Definition
Rounded articular projection
Term
Ramus
Definition
Armlike bar of bone
Term
DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass
Definition
meatus, fossa, groove, fissue, foramen
Term
Meatus
Definition
Canal-like passageway/structure
Term
Fossa
Definition
Shallow, basinlike depression, often serving as an articular surface
Term
Groove
Definition
furrow
Term
Fissure
Definition
Narrow, slitlike opening
Term
Foramen
Definition
Round or oval opening through a bone
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
shaft of the long bone; smooth surface, composed of compact bone
Term
Periosteum
Definition
fibrous membrane covering of the long bone; protects the bone; structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments; supplies osteoblasts for new bone
Term
Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers
Definition
fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
bone destroying cells
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
end of the long bone; composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum; composed of glassy hyaline cartilage; prevents friction at joint surface
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
in young and growing animals; has a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth; once a bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thing barely discernible remnants- the EPIPHYSEAL LINES.
Term
Yellow Marrow
Definition
adipose tissue found in adults
Term
Red Marrow
Definition
area involved in forming blood cells, found in marrow cavities of infant.

in adults, red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone.
Term
Endosteum
Definition
delicate lining of the shaft; also covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of compact bone; contains both osteoblasts & osteoclasts
Term
Chemical Composition of Bone
Definition
Organic components include cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts) and osteoid. Osteoid makes up 1/3 of matrix & includes ground substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of which are made and secreted by osteoblasts = bone flexibility

inorganic calcium salts (hydroxyapatites) deposited in its ground substance= hardness of bone
Term
Structure of Compact Bone
Definition
central(Haversian) canal; osteocytes; lacunae; circumferential lamellae; insterstitial lamellae; osteon (Haversian system); canaliculi; perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Term
Osteon (Haversian System)
Definition
made up of central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it
Term
Endochondral ossification in a developing long bone- Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Looking at a slide from top to bottom:

Resting (quiescent) zone

Growth (proliferation) Zone- Cartilage cells undergo mitosis

Hypertrophi zone- Older cartilage cells enlarge.

Calcification zone- Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating

Ossification (osteogenic) zone- New bone formation is occuring
Term
Cartilages of the Skeleton
Definition
Articular, costal, laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial, nasal, invertebral discs

cartilage supporting the external ear
Term
Articular cartilages
Definition
cover the bone ends of movable joints
Term
Costal Cartilages
Definition
connect the ribs to the sternum
Term
Laryngeal Cartilages
Definition
largely construct the larynx
Term
Tracheal & Bronchial cartilages
Definition
reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system
Term
Nasal Cartilages
Definition
support the external nose
Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition
separate & cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae)
Term
Perichoncrium
Definition
dense connective tissue covering cartilage; acts like a girdle to resist distortion of the cartilage when the cartilage is subject to pressure; plays a role in cartilage growth & repair.
Term
3 Types of Catilage
Definition
hyaline, elastic & fibrocartilage
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
looks like frosted glass; most skeletal cartilages made of this; provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give"

Include: articular, costal, respiratory, larynx & nasal cartilages
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
"hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers"; much more flexible; tolerates repeated bending; cartilage of external ear & epiglottis
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers; looks like a cartilage-dense regular connective tissue hybrid; has great tensile strength and can handle heavy compression; constructs the intervertebral discs & cartilages within the knee joint
Term
Epiphyseal face vs. Diaphyseal face

(Compare & contrast events occurring in these two places)
Definition
Epiphyseal Face: Cartilage cells are resting & relatively inactive. Right below, cartilage cells are rapidly reproducing.

Diaphyseal face: Chondrocytes are dying, the matrix is calcifying & the cartilage is being replaced by bone.
Term
Basic Components of Cartilage
Definition
cells called chondrocytes, encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers.
Term
Appositional Growth
Definition
"Growth from outside"- cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue.
Term
Interstitial Growth
Definition
"Growth from inside"- the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
Term
Hematapoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation which occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones
Term
4 Major Cell Types Found in Bone
Definition
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Term
Ossification/Osteogenisis
Definition
the process of bone formation
Term
Membrane Bone
Definition
bone developed from a fibrous membrane during intramembranous ossification
Term
Catilage/Endochondrial Bone
Definition
bone develped by replacing hyaline cartilage during endochondral ossification
Term
Wolff's Law
Definition
a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it.
Term
ethmoid bone
Definition
superior and medial nasal conchae formed from its projections
Term
Site of the mastoid process
Definition
temporal bone
Term
site of sella turcica
Definition
sphenoid bone
Term
site of cribriform plate
Definition
ethmoid bone
Term
4 bones containing the paranasal sinuses
Definition
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla
Term
nasal septmum
Definition
vomer (ethmoid bone)
Term
Bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb," or crista galli
Definition
ethmoid bone
Term
scapular region to which the clavicle connects
Definition
acromion
Term
shoulder girdle bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the bony thorax
Definition
clavicle
Term
3 bones that fuse to form the coxal bone
Definition
illium, ischium & pubis
Term
"sit down" bone of the coxal bone
Definition
ischium
Term
superiormost margin of the coxal bone
Definition
illiac crest
Term
deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone
Definition
acetabulum
Term
joint between axial skeleton & pelvic girdle
Definition
sacroiliac joint
Term
bones forming the knee joint
Definition
femur & tibia
Term
point where the patellar ligament attaches
Definition
tibial tuberosity
Term
bones forming the instep of the foot
Definition
metatarsals
Term
opening in the hop bone formed by the pubic and ishcial rami
Definition
obturator formane
Term
sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur
Definition
gluteal tuberosity and great & lesser trachanter
Term
tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia
Definition
talus
Term
What is the function of the periosteum?
Definition
protects the bone & is the structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; it provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments & supplies osteoblasts for new bone
Term
major submembranous site of osteoclasts
Definition
endosteum & periosteum
Term
Fibrous joint
Definition
essentially immovable joints; sutures are the most remembered examples; bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
typically allows a slight degree of movement; includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis; characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity; all are freely movable or diarthrotic; include the hip, knee & elbow joints
Term
ligament
Definition
dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together; reinforces joints
Term
Tendon
Definition
dense fibrous connective tissue attaching tendon to bone; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where bones articulate
Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition
loose connective tissue; produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule
Term
Bursa
Definition
fluid-filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses bone
Term
Pivot joints
Definition
synovial; uniaxial joints; between axis & atlas; between radius & ulna;
Term
Ball & Socket Joint
Definition
Synovial; shoulder; hip
Term
Plane (Gliding) Joint
Definition
Synovial; diarthrotic; articular processes(intervertebral); vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs (vertebrocostal); acromion of scapula & clavicle (acromioclavicular); adjacent carpals (intercarpal); carpals & metacarpals (carpometarpal of digits 2-5); sacrum & coxal bone (sacroilliac); femur & patella (knee); tibia & fibula-proximally (tibiofibular); adjacent tarsals (intertarsal); tarsal & metatarsal (tarsometatarsal)
Term
Condyloid Joint
Definition
Synovial; occipital bone of skull & axis (Atlanto-occipital); radius & proximal carpals (wrist/radiocarpal); metacarpal & proximal phalanx (knuckle/metacarpophalangeal); metatarsal & proximal phalanx (metatarsophalangeal)
Term
Hinge
Definition
Synovial; ulna & radius (elbow); adjacent phalanges (fingers & toes); tibia & fibula w/talus (ankle)
Term
Catilaginous
Definition
articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of pad of cartilage
Term
Synchondroses
Definition
the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage
Term
Symphyses
Definition
the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
Term
Syndesmoses
Definition
the articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; the bones do not interlock
Term
Sprain
Definition
the ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment
Term
Dislocation
Definition
when bones are forced out of their normal position in the joint cavity
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