Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bones & Cartilage
bones & cartilage
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/20/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What components make up the organic tissue found in bone?
Definition
Collagen
GAGS (protein & polysaccharide ground substance)
Chondroitin sulfate
Term
What is the importance of chondroitin sulfate?
Definition
provides resistance to compression in day to day activities
Term
What is the role of organic tissue in bone?
Definition
provide resilience
Term
What components make up the inorganic matter found in bone?
Definition
Calcium Phytate
CaCO3
Magnesium Phosphate
Term
What is the role of inorganic salts in bone?
Definition
-hardness
-rigidity
-give resistance to xrays
Term
How does treating a bone with acid affect bone structure?
Definition
-decalcifices it, removing the inorganic salts
-lose regidity, becomes very flexible
Term
How does treating a bone with high heat affect bone structure?
Definition
removes the organic tissue, the bone will still appear the same but would fall apart to the touch
Term
What is the ratio of the primary constituents of the mineral content of bone?
Definition
Calcium & Phosphorous in a 2:1 ratio
Term
What is the primary component of organic matter in bone?
Definition
collagen embedded in GAGS
Term
What is the composition of water, mineral content & organic matter in bone?
Definition
Water: 25%
Minerals: 45%
OM: 30%
Term
True or False

Bone is the hardest tissue in the body
Definition
False

Teeth are
Term
What organs does the skull protect?
Definition
eyes, ears, brain
Term
What does the vertebral column protect?
Definition
the spinal cord
Term
What are the functions of bone?
Definition
protection
skeletal framework
a lever for locomotion/work
mineral storage
blood formation
Term
How much calcium does a hen deposit into an egg shell? Where does this calcium come from?
Definition
2 grams per day

1g from diet, 1g from medullary bone
Term
What cells synthesize bone?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Describe the process of bone synthesize carried out by osteoblasts
Definition
1. Osteoblast is tapped in the lacunae
2. Secrete a soft flexible matrix made up of collagen & GAGS
3. Add hydroxyapatite crystals to harden the matrix via ossification
Term
What is the osteiod?
Definition
soft, flexible matrix produced by osteoblasts which will be hardened to form bone
Term
What is an osteocyte?
Definition
A mature bone cell
Term
How do osteocytes have contact with each other?
Definition
cytoplasmic extensions which pass through fine tubes called canaliculi, which allow for diffusion to remove waste products
Term
What is cancellous bone?
Definition
Spongy Bone

Bone found in the extremities of long bones, filled with bony spicules and trabeculae (spines & plates)
Term
What is the function of cancellous bone
Definition
Handles strains & stresses exerted by muscles & shock absorption from other bones, muscles & gravity
Term
What are the 2 characteristics of cancellous bone?
Definition
very light weight, very strong
Term
Describe the difference in red marrow between cancellous bone & compact bone
Definition
Cancellous: red marrow is enclosed, does not change as the animal ages

Compact: red marrow is converted to yellow marrow as the animal ages
Term
What is the primary source for synthesis of RBCs?
Definition
red marrow in the ribs & sternum
Term
Where is compact bone found?
Definition
in the shafts of long bones, and the outer layer of all bones
Term
Describe the structure of compact bone
Definition
-tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called osteons

-osteon are made up of a central canal with blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves
Term
How do osteocytes contact each other?
Definition
via canaliculi
Term
What are the components of long bone?
Definition
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage
endosteum
periosteum
Term
What is the epiphysis, what is it made of and what is the function?
Definition
the extremeties of long bone

-made of spongy/cancellous bone

-provide lightness, strength & act as shock absorbers & levels
Term
What is the diaphysis, what is it made of and where is it found?
Definition
the shaft, found between the epiphyses

contains marrow

this is where the bone can increase in diameter, important for calcium storage in layer hens
Term
What is the growth plate also known as?
Definition
the epiphyseal plate
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate composed of, and where is it found?
Definition
a layer of hyaline cartilage, between tje epiphyses & the shaft
Term
Where does the bone increase in length? In diameter?
Definition
Length: growth plate
Diameter: diaphysis
Term
Where is articular cartilage found?
Definition
on the surface of compact bone, where it will come into contact with another bone to form a joint
Term
Where is the endosteum found?
Definition
lining all surfaces facing the medullary cavity
Term
What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?
Definition
outer layer: fibrous connective tissue
inner layer: osteoblasts
Term
What is the endosteum made of?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
True or False

Endosteum & periosteum are never found in the same location
Definition
true
Term
Where is the periosteum found?
Definition
covering all bones except joint surfaces
Term
True or False

The inner layer of the periosteum is inactive in adults
Definition
true
Term
What is the role of the periosteum?
Definition
increase shafts & diameter
heal fractures
Term
What is the function of yellow marrow?
Definition
-stores fat
-has potential to revert back to red marrow if needed
Term
What is the most common type of bone marrow?
Definition
yellow marrow
Term
Where does longissimus dorsi end in cattle?
Definition
at the anterior face of the ilium
Term
What are osteoclasts derived from?
Definition
stem cells in the bone marrow & spleen
Term
The tarsus & carpus examples of what type of bone?
Definition
short bones
Term
The femur is an example of what type of bone?
Definition
long bone
Term
The scapula is an example of what type of bone
Definition
flat bone
Term
The ribs & pelvis are examples of what type of bone?
Definition
flat bone
Term
Where is the largest sesamoid bone found?
Definition
the patella (knee cap)
Term
Vertebrae are an example of what type of bone?
Definition
irregular
Term
What are the 5 types of bones?
Definition
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones
Term
What is cartilage synthesized from?
Definition
chondrocytes derived from the mesoderm
Term
What is the starting point for the synthesis of bone
Definition
cartilage
Term
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Definition
hyalin
elastic
fibro
Term
What type of cartilage is costal cartilage
Definition
hyaline
Term
What is the role of elastic cartilage? Give an example of where elastic cartilage would be found
Definition
to provide shape, structure & flexibility

inner ear, epiglottis, larynx
Term
What is the role of fibro cartilage
Definition
to provide semielastic cushion e.g. intervertebral discs of the spine
Term
What makes cartilage different from bone?
Definition
-softer
-more flexible & resilient
-not as good at regneration
Term
What are the 3 types of bone formation?
Definition
heteroplastic
endochondral
intramembranosus
Term
Where does heteroplastic bone formation take place?
Definition
non-skeletal sites

e.g. os penis, os cordis, os rostri
Term
What is intramembranosus ossification? Give an example of a bone formed in this way
Definition
synthesis of membrane bone directly within the fibrous membrane

e.g. skull, face, mandible, clavicle
Term
What is endochondral ossification? Give an example of a bone formed in this way
Definition
development of bone from a cartilage template in utero & after birth

e.g. all long bones
Term
During postnatal growth, where do cartilage cells create new cartilage
Definition
On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
Term
During postnatal growth, where do osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone?
Definition
on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
Term
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone growth?
Definition
to destroy bone lining the medullary cavity of a joint, to make room for the growing bone
Term
What happens to chondrocytes when bones reach full size?
Definition
they die off
Term
What is bone remodeling?
Definition
turnover of bone structure

a combination of osteoblatic & osteoclastic activities to change shape & size of bones
Term
What hormone increases release of calcium from storage depots in bone?
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
When parathyroid hormone is active, will the activity of the following increase or decreases

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Definition
Osteoblasts: decrease
Osteoclasts: increase
Osteocytes: increase
Term
What vitamin regulates supply of calcium?
Definition
Vit D
Term
What substance prevents hypercalcemia (excess calcium in the blood)
Definition
calcitonin
Term
Once mesenchymal cells have migrated to wherever cartilage/bone is going to form, what happens?
Definition
If capillaries are NOT present, the cells become chondrocytes, will eventually form cartilage

If capillaries are present, the cells becomes osteoblasts to form bone via intramembranosus or endochronal ossification
Supporting users have an ad free experience!