Term
| what type of cartilage composes the articular cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2 layers that make up the periosteum of long bone |
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Definition
1. Outer fibrous layer
2. Inner osteogenic layer |
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Term
| type of tissue that makes up outer fibrous layer of periosteum |
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Definition
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Term
| type of tissues that makes up the inner osteogenic layer of periosteum |
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Definition
1.osteogenic cells
2. blood vessels
3. nerve |
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Term
| how is periosteum attached to bone |
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Definition
| through collagen perforating Sharpey's fibers |
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Term
| what type of cells are found in endosteum |
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Definition
1. osteogenic cells
2. osteoclasts |
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Term
| which bone cells can undergo division |
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Definition
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Term
| which germ layer did osteogenic cells come from |
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Definition
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Term
| which tissue did osteogenic cells derive from? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 locations of osteogenic cells |
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Definition
1. inner layer of periosteum
2. endosteum
2. bone canals that contain bv |
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Term
| these are the bone-building cells |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 functions of osteoblasts |
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Definition
1. secrete collagen + components to create extracellular matrix
2. innitiate calcification
3. mineral homeostasis |
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Term
| in which bone cells does calcification begin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which bone cells maintain bone's daily metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The normal maintenance process through which osteoclasts secrete lysosomic enzymes that digest the proteins and minerals of bone matrix |
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Term
| enable bone to perform resorption |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical composition (in %) of the extracellular matrix |
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Definition
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts |
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Term
| which component of the bone matrix give bone hardness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the hardening of tissue, in which the mineral salts deposit around collagen fibers |
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Term
| which component of bone matrix gives bone its flexibility |
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Definition
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Term
| which characteristic of the collagen fibers resist stretch and breakage in bone |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the lamellae in compact bone made of? |
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Definition
| calcified extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| calcium carbonate- abundant mineral in bone matrix; gives bone hardness |
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Term
| what kind of cell junctions do neighboring osteocytes in compact bone communicate through? |
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Definition
| gap junction (within canaliculi) |
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Term
| where is compact bone located (2 locations) |
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Definition
1. diaphysis of long bones
2. surface of all bones |
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Term
| 3 locations of spongy bone |
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Definition
1. epiphyses of long bone
2. bulk of flat, short & irregular bone
3. narrow rim around medullary cavity |
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Term
| role of Volkman's (perforating) canal in compact bone |
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Definition
| host bv & lymphatic vessels; enter periosteum perpendicularly |
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Term
| role of Haversian (central) canal in compact bone |
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Definition
| host deeper bv & lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| structure that is found in compact bone, but not in spongy bone |
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Definition
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Term
| structure found in spongy bone but not in compact |
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Definition
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Term
| where does hematopoesis occur? |
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Definition
| in red blood marrow : between trabeculae of spongy bone |
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Term
| 4 areas where red blood marrow is found in adults |
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Definition
1. sternum
2. ribs
3. vertebrae
4. pelvis |
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Term
| name of arteries and veins that supply periosteum |
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Definition
| periosteal arteries/veins |
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Term
| how do periosteal bv enter periosteum? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do nutrient arteries and veins enter bone? |
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Definition
| through nutrient foramen (middle of diaphysis) |
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Term
| what do nutrient arteries & vessels supply? |
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Definition
1. compact bone (diaphysis)
2. red blood marrow |
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Term
| what do metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries and veins supply? |
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Definition
1. red blood marrow
2. epiphyses |
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Term
| in which type of bone are osteoclasts found? |
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Definition
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Term
| scientific term for bone formation |
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Definition
| Ossification or Osteogenesis |
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Term
| when does bone formation begin? |
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Definition
| at 6-7 weeks of gestation |
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Term
| what kind of embryonic cells does bone form from? |
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Definition
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Term
| type of bone growth in which bone forms directly from mesenchyme |
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Definition
| intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| how does intramembranous ossification occur? |
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Definition
| bone forms on/within Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue |
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Term
| through which process did the temporal bone form? |
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Definition
| intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| through which process did mandible form? |
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Definition
| intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| how does endochondral ossification occur? |
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Definition
| bone replaces pre-existing hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| two events involved in calcification (endochondral ossification) |
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Definition
1. cartilage cells hypertrophy & burst
2. change in pH triggers calcification |
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Term
| 4 steps in Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
1. Development of ossification center
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae & red blood marrow
4. Development of periosteum |
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Term
| 6 steps in Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
1. Development of Cartilage Model
2. Growth of Cartilage Model
3. Development of Primary Ossification Center
4. Development of Medullary Cavity
5. Development of Secondary Ossification Center
6. Formation of articular cartilage |
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Term
| how does the formation of the Primary Ossification center occur in Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme cells differentiate into osteogenic cells, which become osteoblasts secreting extracellular matrix |
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Term
| 2 events in Calcification in Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
1. Secretion of extracellular matrix stops
2. Ca and minerals deposit in extracellular matrix |
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Term
| How does the development of periosteum occur in Intramembranous Ossification? |
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Definition
| mesenchyme compresses at the border/exterior and turns into periosteum |
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Term
| How does the formation of Cartilage Model & perichondrium occur in Endochondral Ossification?" |
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Definition
1. mesenchyme cells differentiate into chondroblasts
2. Condroblasts secrete extracellular matrix
3. Chondroblasts+ extracell. matrix become Cartilage Model and pericondrium |
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Term
| How does the Growth of Cartilage Model occur in Endochondral Ossification? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes divide continuously |
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Term
| what types of growth are involved in the Growth of the Cartilage Model? |
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Definition
1. interstitial growth
2. appositional growth |
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Term
| What supports the differentiation of perichondral cells into osteoblasts and teh formation of periosteum? (Endochondral Ossification) |
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Definition
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Term
| what stimulates the development of the second ossification center in Endochondral Ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| when (at what age )does the formation of the Secondary Ossification Center occur? (in Endochondral Ossification) |
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Definition
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Term
| formation of medullary cavity and of the articular catilage are steps in which type of ossification? |
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Definition
| endochondral ossification |
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Term
| calcification and the formation of trabeculae are steps in which type of ossification? |
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Definition
| intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| What is the Epiphyseal Plate |
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Definition
| Epiphyseal Plate = a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphyses of a growing bone |
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Term
| the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate |
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Definition
1. Zone of resting cartilage
2. zone of proliferating cartilage (mitosis & interstitial growth of cartilage)
3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage (mitotis of chondrocytes)
4. Zone of calcified cartilage (endochondral ossification) |
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Term
| two main steps in bone thickening |
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Definition
1. Osteogenic cells in periosteum become osteoblasts, which secrete matrix and become osteons
2. osteoclasts in endosteum enlarge the medullary cavity |
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Term
| two minerals that are essential for bone growth |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormone is activated when blood Ca is too low? |
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Definition
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Term
| Role of PTH in Calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
1. increases osteoclasts activity and Calcium resorption
2. stimulates kidneys to retain Ca and not eliminate is through urine
3. stimulates production of calcitrol, which enhances the absorption of calcium |
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Term
| which hormone is activated when blood calcium level is too high? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does Calcitonin regulate Calcium homeostasis? |
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Definition
1. Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts, which produce more matrix, which takes in Ca from the blood
2. Ca blood level decreases |
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Term
| what is the input for the negative feedback mechanism in PTH activity? |
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Definition
| AMP secreted by parathyroids, which activates secretion of PTH |
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Term
| space within the shaft of bone that contains yellow bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane lining the medullary cavity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| decreases blood Ca levels by accelerating Ca deposition in bone and inhibiting osteoclasts |
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Definition
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Term
| Required for collagen synthesis (one of the factors affecting bone growth) |
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Definition
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Term
| during childhood it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; its production is stimulated by hGH |
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Definition
| insulnlike growth factors |
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Term
| involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this element is a contributor to bone growth and is required for protein synthesis |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| raises blood Ca level by increasing bone resorption |
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Definition
| PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
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