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Bone test
chapter 6-9
52
Anatomy
11th Grade
10/05/2009

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Term
Which tissues are present in bone?
Definition
osseus/bone tissue; cartilage; dense connective; epithelium; adipose; nervous
Term
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Definition
entire framework of bone and the cartilages that associate with them
Term
What are the functions of the skeleton/
Definition
support; protect; assistance in movement; mineral homeostasis; blood cell production
Term
What is the relationship between the skeletal system and the blood?
Definition
hemopoiesis; hemopoietic tissue develops red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Term
What is found at the ends of long bones?
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
Which membrane lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
Definition
endosteum
Term
What is true concerning bone histology?
Definition
%50 crystallized mineral; %50 connective tissue (collagen, fibrous)
Term
Which cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Which cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Describe compact bone
Definition
made up of osteons and haversion system; few spaces; strongest form of bone tissue; beneath perioseum; makes up most of diaphysis in long bones; provides protection and support
Term
what is found within compatct bone?
Definition
caniculi; osteocytes; lamella
Term
WHich structures allow communication between blood vessels adn nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?
Definition
central canal
Term
How are the alignment of osteons in compact bone arranged?
Definition
along lines of physical stress
Term
Describe spongy bone
Definition
contains red bone marrow
Term
What is true of bone scans?
Definition
determine bone density
Term
Which blood vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?
Definition
diaphyseal arteries and veins
Term
What is the relationship of nerves and bones?
Definition
nerves follow blood vessels to supply nutrients to bone
Term
Explain bone formation.
Definition
bone formation requires replacement of preexisting connective tissue
Term
What forms intramembranous ossification?
Definition
mandible; flat plates of skull; bones that replace fontanals
Term
What happens to the bone matrix during intramembranous ossificiation?
Definition
trabeculae fuse to form spongy bone
Term
Compare intramembranous ossification to endochondral ossification.
Definition
do not lead to differences in the structure of mature bones; intra - bone forms directly w/ mesenchyme; end - bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme; end - allows for interstitial and appositional growth
Term
What is teh name of the processes that cause bone to increase in size?
Definition
increase in diameter > appositional
increase in length > interstitial
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Definition
made up of 4 zones of chondrocytes
Term
What is teh zone of hypertrophic cartilage?
Definition
layer of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns and accumulating glycogen
Term
What is teh zone of hypertrophic cartilage?
Definition
layer of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns and accumulating glycogen
Term
Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone?
Definition
periosteal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts
Term
What is required for proper bone growth?
Definition
Vitamins (A, B, K, B12); minerals; hormones (IGFs, insulin, thryoid)
Term
Which hormone is specifically responsible for terminating growth at the epiphyseal plate in both men and women as they end adolescence?
Definition
estrogen
Term
Explain bone remodeling
Definition
osteblasts and ostoeclasts
Term
Explain the breakdown of bone matrix
Definition
resorption > removal of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoclasts
Term
In layman's terms, what is a greenstick fracture?
Definition
one side of the bone is broken, the other is bent
Term
What are the events of fracture repair in the order in which they occur?
Definition
1)formation of fracture hematoma; 2)fibrocartilaginous callus formation; 3)bony callus formation; 4) bone remodeling
Term
Why is the regulation of CO2+ so critical to homeostasis?
Definition
blood clotting; enzymes as cofactor; cardiac muscular and skeletal contractions
Term
Which homrone is the most important in regulating the movement of Ca2+ between the blood and the bones?
Definition
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Term
How does PTH elevate blood Ca2+ levels?
Definition
by increasing the activity of osteoclasts
Term
What happens when calcitonin levels rise?
Definition
inhibits osteoclast activity
Term
What happens in the aging process of bones?
Definition
u know this
Term
Why are bones important?
Definition
protect soft tissues and serve as anatomical landmarks
Term
What makes up the muscoskeletal system?
Definition
bones; muscles; joints
Term
How many bones are found in the adult skeleton?
Definition
206
Term
WHich bone type is typically found in ligaments or tendons?
Definition
sesamoid
Term
Why are adult long bones usually slightly curved?
Definition
bones curve to allow mechanical stress to be evenly distributed
Term
What causes bone surface markings?
Definition
stresses placed on bones
Term
A point of contact between two bones, bone cartilage, or bone and teeth is called a
Definition
joint, articulation, arthrosis
Term
Structural classification of a joint is based on
Definition
1)presence or absence of a space b/t articulating bones (synovial cavity) 2) type of connective tissue binding bones together
Term
A student examining a joint observes collagen-rich connective tissue fibers linking the bones but finds no synovial cavity. Which structural classification fits the observed joint?
Definition
fibrous
Term
What are examples of synarthrosis?
Definition
sutures in the skull
Term
Explain sutures
Definition
interlocking edges that reduce likelihood of a fracture
Term
What are true of all synovial joints?
Definition
diarthrosis
Term
What is synovial fluid?
Definition
lubricate to reduce friction; acts as shock absorber; transportation of nutrients and O2
Term
Some synovial joints are strenghtened by joints that lie outside the articulare capsule or outside of folds of synovial membranes. such ligaments are called
Definition
extracapsular
Term
What are menisci?
Definition
help bones fit together more closely
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