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Bone/Development
n/a
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/05/2012

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Cards

Term
What is bone tissue?
Definition
it is a type of connective tissue(specialized)
Term
Describe the matrix of bone tissue.
Definition
Calcified, containing many collagen fibers- crystals of calcium and phosphorus.
Term
What secretes collagen fibers and matrix for bone tissue?
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
what matrues bone cells in lacunae?
Definition
osteocytes
Term
Is bone tissue vascularized?
Definition
Yes, very well.
Term
Functions of bone tissue?
Definition
supports and protects organs
provides levers and attachment site for muscles.
stores calcium and other minerals
stores fat
marrow is site for blood cell formation.
Term
Where is bone tissue?
Definition
bones
Term
35% of bone is-?
Definition
organic components
Term
organic components of bone include:
Definition
cells, fibers, organic substances.
osteoid (extracellular matrix)
collagen
Term
what is the extracellular matrix called in bones?
Definition
osteoid
Term
Is there collagen in bone?
Definition
Yes it is very abundant.
Term
What is bone 65% made of?
Definition
inorganic mineral salts
primarily calcium phosphate (hydroxyappetite)
Term
What do the inorganic mineral salts resist in bones?
Definition
compression
Term
What are bones?
Definition
organs that contain bone tissue plus several other types of tissues.
Term
Bones are dominated by?
Definition
bone connective tissue.
Term
Other types of tissue/things included inbones?
Definition
nervous and blood tissue
cartilage in articular cartilages
epithelial (endothelal) tissue lining and blood vessels.
Term
What is the dense outer layer of bone called?
Definition
compact bone
Term
what is the internal network of bone trabeculae?
Definition
spongy (cancellous) bone
Term
what is the hollow cavity that is filled with marrow called?
Definition
medullary cavity
Term
What are the types of marrow and what do they do?
Definition
Red marrow: blood cell production
yellow marrow: fat
Term
What are the membrane/outer covering of bones?
Definition
periosteum (outer covering)
endosteum (covering inner layer of compact bone and trabeculae)
Term
What are the two forms of compact bone?
Definition
Woven bone
Lamellar bone
Term
What is the immature, only in embryo form of compact bone?
Definition
woven bone
Term
what is lamellar bone?
Definition
mature in adults.
Term
What is the primary unit in lamellar bone? How is it posistioned? Functions?
Definition
osteon (haversian system) -Runs along long axis of bone, resists compression/tension, resists fractures
Term
Describe lamellar bone:
Definition
Has a hollow central canal with blood vessels and nerves.
Has concentric rings of compact bone around canal called lamellae.
Osteocytes lay down successive layers of ground substance, becomes calcified.
Term
What interconnects different osteons in lamellar bone?
Definition
Volkmann's canals- blood vessels continous between osteons and marrow cavity; nerves.
Term
In lamellar bone, what allows osteocytes to communicate- passes nutrients from cell to cell. "small canals"
Definition
Canaliculi
Term
The anatomy of bone reflects:
Definition
stresses
Term
Where is compression and tension greatest in bones? Why?
Definition
External surfaces b/c that is where compact bones are located.
Term
What is ossification?
Definition
Bone-tissue formation (osteogenesis)
Term
How are membrane bones formed?
Definition
directly from mesenchyme: most skull bones, clavicle.
-intramembranous ossification
Term
How do other bones (non membrane) form?
Definition
develop initially from hyaline cartilage.
-endochondral ossification
Term
In endochondral ossification how are bones first modeled?
Definition
in hyaline cartilage
Term
How does the modeling of hyaline cartilage model bones?
Definition
cartilage is replaced by bone-
1st and 2nd ossification centers
cartilage disintegrates; invaded by blood vessels
osteoblasts infiltrate, produce osteoid
Term
Endochondral ossification begins- and ends?
Definition
begins forming late in 2nd month of human development and continues forming until early adulthood.
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate? where?
Definition
site of growth and hyaline cartilage.
In long bones
Term
How is cartilage in epiphyseal plates?
Definition
cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth.
the cartilage cells form tall stacks
Term
Where are chondroblasts in epiphyseal plates?
Definition
chondroblasts at the top of stacks divide quickly, pushing thhe epiphysis away from the diaphysis, which lengthens the entire long bone.
Term
What are the two layers of bone?
Definition
compact (outside) spongy (inside)
Term
what signals the surrounding matrix to calcify when long bones are groing? What happens to them?
Definition
the older chondrocytes. they then die and disintegrate.
Term
The dying and disintergrating old chondrocytes leave:
which:
then:
finally:
Definition
leave trabeculae (spicules) of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side, they are partially eroded by osteoclasts, which then cover trabeculae with bone tissue. Trabeculae is finally eaten away from their tips by osteoclasts; replaced by bone.
Term
During childhood and adolescence, bones lengthen entirely by:
Definition
growth of the epiphseal plates.
Term
During childhood and adolescence, how quickly is cartilage replaced with bone tissue?
Definition
as quickly as it grows
Term
During childhood and adolescence, the epiphyseal plate -- thickness?
Definition
maintains constant
Term
During childhood and adolescence, what part of the bone lengthens?
Definition
the whole bone lengthens
Term
During childhood and adolescence, what is appositional growth?
Definition
growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface
Term
What happens to chondroblasts as adolescence draws to an end?
Definition
they divide less often
Term
as adolescence draws to an end what happens to epiphyseal plates?
Definition
they become thinner b/c cartilage stops growing and are being replaced by bone tissue.
Term
as adolescence draws to an end, what happens to long bones? What is that caused by?
Definition
stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphsis fuse; causd by surge of sex hormones.
Term
Where and when does bone deposit and removal occur?
Definition
at periosteal and endosteal surfaces throughout life
Term
osteoblasts accomplish what in bone remodeling?
Definition
bone deposition
Term
osteoclasts accomplish what in bone remodeling?
Definition
bone reabsorption
Term
osteoclast is a -
Definition
bone degrading cell
Term
How big and how many nuclei does an osteoclast have?
Definition
a giant cell w/many nuclei
Term
what does an osteoclast do?
Definition
crawls along bone surfaces to break down bone tissue by secreting concentrated HCL acid and releasing lysosomal enzymes.
Term
What is osteoporois?
Definition
bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition, ocrruing in most women after menopause. It is characterized by low bone mass.
Term
What are some disorders of bones?
Definition
osteoporosis
osteomalacia
rickets
pagets disease
osteosarcoma
Term
What occurs in adults when bones are inadequately mineralized (not enough Ca/P)
Definition
osteomalacia
Term
What is a form of bone caner?
Definition
osteosarcoma
Term
what is character of excessive rate of bone deposistion and resorption?
Definition
paget's disease
Term
what occurs in children, and is analogous to osteomalacia?
Definition
Rickets
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