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Bond Midterm - Vocab
Modern World History
161
History
11th Grade
01/21/2009

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Term
republic
Definition
a government in which much of the power is held by elected representatives.
Term
veto
Definition
to stop a passage of law
Term
magistrate
Definition
a government official
Term
senate
Definition
a council of representatives
Term
patrician
Definition
a descendant of a founding family of Rome
Term
Plebeian
Definition
a commonor
Term
tribune
Definition
a plebeian official who could attend meetings of the assembly
Term
legion
Definition
the chief fighting unit of the Roman army
Term
triumvirate
Definition
a group of 3 leaders
Term
inflation
Definition
a steep rise in prices, which has the effect of reducing peoples' purchasing power
Term
province
Definition
a territory
Term
tetrarchy
Definition
rule by four leaders
Term
abdication
Definition
voluntary resignation of a ruler
Term
persecution
Definition
harsh treatment for following a set of religious beliefs
Term
bishop
Definition
a high ranking church official
Term
hierarchy
Definition
a system or organization based on graded ranks
Term
heresy
Definition
a religious belief opposed to official teachings
Term
missionary
Definition
a person sent be religious authorities to spread a set of religious beliefs
Term
oasis
Definition
a fertile place in a desert, due to presence of water
Term
prophet
Definition
someone chosen by God to bring a message to people
Term
hijraa
Definition
the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622
Term
hajj
Definition
a pilgrimage to Mecca, one of Five Pillars of Islam
Term
jihad
Definition
an effort carried out as a religious duty
Term
caliph
Definition
an Islamic ruler with the authority to rule from Muhammad
Term
sultan
Definition
the ruler of an Islamic state
Term
bureaucrat
Definition
a government official
Term
calligraphy
Definition
an elegant style of handwriting
Term
minaret
Definition
a tall, slender tower with a balcony on a mosque
Term
mihrab
Definition
an arched area in a mosque wall that is closest to Mecca
Term
sultanate
Definition
a government headed by a sultan
Term
militant
Definition
ready and willing to fight to support a cause
Term
millet
Definition
a religious community of non-muslims in the ottoman empire
Term
jahizary
Definition
a soldier in an elite force of the Ottoman army
Term
shah
Definition
king
Term
medieval
Definition
of the Middle Ages
Term
revival
Definition
a renewed interest in a part of the past
Term
manor
Definition
the land and property under a lord's control
Term
vassal
Definition
a person who has taken a pledge of loyalty to a lord
Term
liege lord
Definition
the lord to whom a vassal owes first service
Term
chivalry
Definition
the code of conduct expected of knights
Term
serf
Definition
a peasant who is legally bound to the land belonging to a lord
Term
tithe
Definition
a tax equal to 1/10 of a person' income
Term
monastery
Definition
a religious community of men
Term
convent
Definition
a religious community of women
Term
Gothic style
Definition
a style of architecture used for churches in Medieval Europe
Term
anti-semitism
Definition
prejudice against Jewish people
Term
When did the middle ages start? What two categories can the Middle ages be broken into and give the dates.
Definition
Middle ages- after the fall of Western Rome-went from 476-1300

Dark Ages - 476-1100
High Middle Ages - 1100-1300
Term
papacy
Definition
the office and rule of the pope, or bishop, of Rome
Term
schism
Definition
-separation or division

-East-West Schism or The Great Schism, the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the eleventh century
Term
crusader state
Definition
a state established by Western European christians
Term
burgher
Definition
a resident or an official of a city
Term
guild
Definition
an association of merchants or craftspeople
Term
epidemic
Definition
a widespread disease
Term
common law
Definition
the traditional body of law in England that blends English and Norman elements
Term
Parliament
Definition
the assembly that advises the king or queen of England
Term
Estates General
Definition
the assembly that advised the King of France
Term
Nationalism
Definition
the belief that people should be loyal to their country, not just to their leader.
Term
Inquisition
Definition
the court of the Roman Cathlioc church responsible for identifying and punishing heretics.
Term
renaissance
Definition
the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe
Term
perspective
Definition
an artistic technique used to give drawings a 3D effect
Term
humanism
Definition
an intellectual movement that stemmed from the study of classical literature
Term
patron
Definition
a wealthy person who supports an artist
Term
satire
Definition
the use of ridicule or scorn to expose the vices or misbehaviors of others
Term
engraving
Definition
an art form in which an artist cuts a design on a metal plate and then uses the plate for printing
Term
utopia
Definition
an ideal or perfect society
Term
reformation
Definition
the European movement calling for reform within the Roman Cathlioc church.
Term
predestination
Definition
a religious teaching that God will determine who will gain salvation.
Term
ambassador
Definition
a person who acts as a messenger or representative
Term
navigation
Definition
the control of the direction of a boat or ship
Term
commodity
Definition
something that can be bought or sold
Term
shareholder
Definition
an investor who provides a company with money
Term
fleet
Definition
a group of ships that is under one command
Term
monopoly
Definition
the control of goods or services by one person, group, or company
Term
indigenous
Definition
occurring naturally in a region
Term
circumnavigate
Definition
to sail completely around a landmass of Earth
Term
mercantilism
Definition
an economic system that stresses increasing national wealth by selling more to other nations than buying from them.
Term
balance of trade
Definition
the difference in value between a country's imports and its exports over a period
Term
viceroy
Definition
a governor of several countries or provinces who rules as the representative of a monarch
Term
encomienda
Definition
a system in which Spanish colonists were given land and Native Americans to care for, in return for the Native American;s labor or tribute.
Term
cash crop
Definition
a crop grown mainly to sell, not for personal use.
Term
capitalism
Definition
an economic system based on the investment of money in business for profit
Term
investor
Definition
a person who puts money in a company hoping to make a profit
Term
joint-stock company
Definition
a group of investors who share both risk and profit
Term
triangular trade
Definition
a trading system involving a 3-way exchange of goods and people among Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
the second leg of the triangular trade route, in which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic.
Term
inheritance
Definition
the receiving of property or possessions especially from a relative when a person dies.
Term
divine right
Definition
a belief that a monarch's right to rule comes directly from God, not from the consent of the people.
Term
absolute monarchy
Definition
a monarchy in which the ruler is not limited by a constitution or law
Term
treason
Definition
an act of betrayal against one's country
Term
regent
Definition
someone who rules in a monarch's place, usually because the monarch is too young to rule alone.
Term
balance of power
Definition
a system in which no single state is strong enough to dominate all the others in the region.
Term
militarism
Definition
a policy in which a military's needs and values take priority
Term
standing army
Definition
a permanent army of paid soldiers
Term
enlightened despotism
Definition
an absolute monarchy in which the ruler uses his other power to bring beneficial political and social changes to his or her subjects
Term
common wealth
Definition
the English republic declared by Oliver Cromwell
Term
martial law
Definition
the law administered by military forces with the government's approval
Term
English Bill of Rights
Definition
a statement of subjects' rights and of the relationship of parliament to the monarchy
Term
habeas corpus
Definition
a Latin term for a legal requirement that a person cannot be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime
Term
heliocentric
Definition
sun-centered
Term
scientific method
Definition
a way of carefully gathering and explaining information
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a possible explanation
Term
gravity
Definition
a force that pulls objects towards each other, with more massive objects having a greater pull
Term
natural law
Definition
the conditions that govern human behavior
Term
social contract
Definition
an agreement in which people give up the state of nature for an organized contract
Term
laissez faire
Definition
letting business run without government intervention
Term
free market economy
Definition
an economy in which buying and selling can be carried out without regulation
Term
censorship
Definition
the policy of prohibiting objectionable materials
Term
propaganda
Definition
the promotion of certain ideas to influence people's opinions
Term
guerilla warfare
Definition
fighting involving surprise raids
Term
recession
Definition
a decline in economic activity
Term
federal republic
Definition
a government in which power is shared between the central government and the states
Term
amendment
Definition
a change or addition
Term
estate
Definition
a French legal term that indicates a person's status in society based on property ownership and ancestral rights and customs
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
the middle class
Term
tricolor
Definition
the red, white, and blue flag of Revolutionary France
Term
guillotine
Definition
a device with a blade, used to cut off the heads of convicted criminals
Term
émigré
Definition
a person who left France after the fall of Louis XVI and later returned
Term
concordat
Definition
an agreement between a pope and a monarch or head of government
Term
conscript
Definition
a person drafted into military service
Term
satellite state
Definition
a country that is dependent on another country for its economic and political well-being
Term
veteran
Definition
a person who has served in the military
Term
ideology
Definition
a belief and plan for social and political change
Term
nation state
Definition
a self-governing land whose people share the same cultural background, language, and history.
Term
conservatism
Definition
the idea that generally supports existing ways of doing things and opposes quick, major changes
Term
liberalism
Definition
the idea that generally encourages individual freedom and social progress
Term
self-determination
Definition
the belief that a people have the right to decide their own form of government
Term
neutral
Definition
not taking one side or the other
Term
reactionary
Definition
a person who opposes change
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
a government in which a ruler's powers are limited to those that the constitution and the laws of the country allow
Term
Western Hemisphere
Definition
the half of the Earth that includes North and South America
Term
capital
Definition
the money or property used by a business person to make a profit
Term
crop rotation
Definition
a system of growing different crops one after the other on the same land to help restore soil
Term
enclosure
Definition
the fencing off of private land by common landowners in Great Britain
Term
textile industry
Definition
the manufacturing of cloth from wool, cotton, and other materials
Term
factory system
Definition
the mass production of goods in a central building or buildings
Term
interchangeable parts
Definition
identical parts that can be used in place of one another
Term
protective tariff
Definition
a tax put on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy those same goods from their own country
Term
transcontinental
Definition
across a continent
Term
colonialism
Definition
the rule of a foreign territory for economic gain and military power
Term
urbanization
Definition
the movement of more and more of a country's population from rural to urban areas
Term
immigration
Definition
the act of coming to a new country to live there
Term
tenement
Definition
a run-down apartment or building
Term
suffrage
Definition
the right to vote
Term
labor union
Definition
an association of workers that protects and promotes the interests of its members
Term
collective bargaining
Definition
talks between a union and an employer about working conditions
Term
progressive movement
Definition
the American movement that urged social and economic reform in the early 1900's
Term
socialism
Definition
an economic system in which the means and production are collectively owned or owned the government, and economic exchanges are regulated for the common good.
Term
communism
Definition
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the government, and property is owned by everyone equally.
Term
franchise
Definition
a right or privilege, especially the right to vote
Term
rotten borough
Definition
a borough in Great Britain that had few voters but had the right to send a representative to Parliament
Term
home rule
Definition
self-government for a dependent country
Term
dominion
Definition
a self-governing nation
Term
manifest destiny
Definition
the idea that the U.S. had the right to expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
Term
popular sovereignty
Definition
control by the people
Term
the Union
Definition
the United States of America
Term
secede
Definition
to withdraw from or leave
Term
Risorgimento
Definition
a nationalist movement that worked for the unification of Italy
Term
Kaiser
Definition
the emperor of Unified Germany
Term
dual monarchy
Definition
rule of two kingdoms by one person
Term
multinational
Definition
including many nations
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