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Body Planes and Directional Terms
An Introduction to the body - Part 1
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/30/2012

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Term
What is dominant
Definition
A trait expressed
Term
What is recessive
Definition
Presence is masked by a dominant, allele, will only express if both alles are recessive
Term
What is heterzygous
Definition
Differents alleles on homologous chromosomes eg: Aa
Term
What is homozygous
Definition
Same alleles on homologous chromosome eg: AA or aa
Term
Phenotype is
Definition
How the characteristics are expressed, what it looks like
Term
What is genotype
Definition
Genes actually present in the alleles
Term
What hormones cause Labour
Definition
Estrogen increases sharply oxytocin stimulates contractions relaxing dilates cervix
Term
What cells, tissues, organs secrete female sex hormones
Definition
Ovaries - growing mature folicules secrete estrogen, Progestrine - secreted by corpus luteum
Term
What are the stages of Labour
Definition
Dilation, Expulsion, Placenta stage
Term
Describe Deamination
Definition
In liver- removal of amine group amino acid. Amine is excereted as urea. acid group is used for A.T.P production in kerb cycle
Term
Why is alcohol a duretic
Definition
It inhibits secretion of ADH so fluid loss is uncontrolled
Term
How does LH and FSH effect female reproduction
Definition
FSH-APE hormone, stimulates folicular growth, LH-APE hormone, stimulates further development of ovarian follicles, stimulates corpus luteum
Term
How doe LH and FSH effect male reproduction
Definition
FSH-APE hormone stimulates sertoli cells to increase rate of spermatogenesis. LH-APE hormone stimulates ley dig cells to secrete testosterone
Term
Gametes is
Definition
A mature sex cell ovam of female spermatozoon of male
Term
Define Meiosis
Definition
Division of cells for sexual reproduction, only in testes and ovaries
Term
Define Mitosis
Definition
Cell division of body (except sex cells) chromosomes replicate
Term
Anatomy of the Stomach
Definition
4 regions - Cardia, fundus, boy pyloric. 3 muscle layers - circular, longitudinal and oblique. Rugae - increase size then decrease
Term
What is blastocyst
Definition
Hollow balls of cells that enters the uterine cavity
Term
What is a Zygote
Definition
Fertilized ovum before clearage
Term
What is the Peritoneum
Definition
Largest serous membrane of the body
Term
Name the Retroperitoneal organs
Definition
Kidneys, ascending and descending colon of large intestine, pancreas
Term
Human Anatomy
Definition
The study of body structure
ie: heart, bones
Term
Human Physiology
Definition
The science of body functions
ie: aveoli allow gases from the lungs to the blood
Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
Study of body markings that are visible to the eye
ie: flushed skin, acne
Term
Levels of Organisation
Definition
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
Term
What is an organ
Definition
Two or more different tissues joined together. Organs have specific functions.
Term
11 organ systems
Definition
NICE MRS LURD
Term
Metabolism
Definition
All the anabolic and catabolic chemical processes that occur in the body
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintaining the internal environment despite changes on the outside.
ie: increase/decrease in blood pressure, change in temperature
Term
What is the nornmal body temperature
Definition
37C
Term
Homeostatic control mechanism
Definition
Receptor, control center, effector -negative and positive feedback loop
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Opposes/reverses a change in a controlled condition.
ie: Blood pressure rises, receptors send out nerve impulses to control centre, control centre send nerve impulses to effectors (heart, blood vessels), bp returns back to normal
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Strengthens or reinforces a change in the body's controlled condition
ie: Labour contractions, breastfeeding, blood clotting
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
Standing upright, facing forward, palms facing forward
Term
Prone position
Definition
Body lying face down
Term
Supine
Definition
Body lying face up (bowl of soup)
Term
Anterior (ventral)
Definition
At the front of the body
Term
Posterior (dorsal)
Definition
At the rear of the body
Term
Superior
Definition
Above, towards the head
Term
Inferior
Definition
Below, away from the head
Term
Proximal
Definition
Nearer the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Term
Medial
Definition
Closer to the midline of the body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Further away from the midline of the body
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
On the same side of the body
Term
Contralateral
Definition
On opposite sides of the body
Term
Superficial
Definition
Towards or at the surface
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from the surface
Term
Sagittal
Definition
Divides the body into left and right
Term
Transverse
Definition
Divides the body into upper and lower
Term
Frontal (coronal)
Definition
Dives the body into front and back
Term
Pelvic Cavity (organs)
Definition
Contains urinary bladder, internal organs of the reproductive system, portions of the large intestine.
Term
Serous Membrane
Definition
Line the cavities that do not open to the exterior
Term
Mucous
Definition
Line the body cavities that open to the outside
Term
What is the pleural cavity
Definition
Fluid filled spaces that surround each lung
Term
Describe the mediastinum
Definition
Space between the lungs extending from the sternum to the vertebrae column and from the first rib to the diaphragmn. Heart is located here
Term
Describe the diaphragm
Definition
Separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and is used for breathing
Term
What region is the appendix located
Definition
Right inguinal (iliac) region
Term
Appendicitis is caused due to?
Definition
Inflammation
Term
Common term used for Occuli
Definition
eye
Term
Common term used for Brachial
Definition
Arm
Term
Common term used for Buccal
Definition
Cheek
Term
Common term used for Patellar
Definition
Anterior surface of the knee
Term
Common term used for Frontal
Definition
Forehead
Term
Common term used for Parietal
Definition
Top of the head
Term
Common term used for Temporal
Definition
Temple
Term
Common term used for Calcaneal
Definition
Heel
Term
Common term used for Gluteal
Definition
Buttocks
Term
Common term used for Axillary
Definition
Armpit
Term
Common term used for Cervical
Definition
Neck
Term
Common term used for Occipital
Definition
Base of skull
Term
Describe the pericardium
Definition
Membrane that covers and protects the heart
Term
Name the 3 layers of the heart
Definition
Endocardium (inner most), Myocardium (middle), Epicardium (outer layer)
Term
Describe Epicardium
Definition
Thin, transparent outer layer fo the heart wall, also called the visceral layer of the pericardium
Term
Describe Endocardium
Definition
Thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
Term
Describe the Epicardium
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium
Term
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
Definition
Right and left atria (upper), Right and left ventricles (lower)
Term
Describe the 'right heart'
Definition
Consists of the right atria and right ventricle, takes venous blood from the body and pumps it to the luns for oxygenation
Term
Describe the 'left heart'
Definition
Consists of the left atria and left ventricle taking oxygenated pulmonary blood and pumping it around the rest of the body
Term
What is the function of Atrioventricular valves
Definition
Prevent the backflow of blood to the atria
Term
What is the function of Semilunar valves
Definition
Prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles
Term
Atrial systole occurs when the ventricles are
Definition
Relaxed
Term
Ventricle systole occurs when the atria is
Definition
Relaxed
Term
Define Cardiac Output
Definition
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
Term
Define Stroke Volume
Definition
Amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per beat (70ml)
Term
Explain Starlings Law
Definition
Equalizes the ouput of the right and left ventricles and keeps the same volume of blood flowing to both the systemic and pulmonary circulation ie: the more you exercise the more efficient the heart will become.
Term
Insulating material for the PNS
Definition
Myelin
Term
Location of hearing receptors
Definition
Cochlea, Vestibule and Semicircular canals located in the Inner Ear
Term
Branch of PNS using skeletal muscle
Definition
Somatic
Term
This ends a reflex arc
Definition
Effector
Term
This begins a reflex arc
Definition
Receptor
Term
Takes message toward the cell body
Definition
Dendrites
Term
Cells that support neurons
Definition
Glial
Term
Collection of nerve cell bodies
Definition
Ganglia
Term
Structure of a Ganglion
Definition
Collection of cell bodies in the PNS
Term
What is the function of the cochlea
Definition
Main organ for hearing, the cochlea tells the brain that a sound has been heard
Term
Where does fertilisation occur
Definition
In the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
Term
What will the placenta allow through
Definition
Oxygen and nutrients, C02 and waste out
Term
What develops from the endoderm
Definition
Epithelial lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, several other organs also smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels
Term
What is Morula
Definition
An early stage of embryonic development formed by cleavage of fertilized ovum intermediate stage between zygote and blastocyst
Term
What develops from Ectoderm
Definition
Tissues of the brain, nerves and the epidermis of the skin
Term
What develops from Mesoderm
Definition
Blood, muscles, bones other connective tissue
Term
Organs of G.I name and locate.
Definition
Mouth-oral cavity,Pharynx- thraot,Esophagus- upper thoracic, Stomach- upper left peritoneum, Small intestine- abdominal pelvic cavity intestine- abdominal palvic cavity, Teeth,tongue,salivary glands, mouth ,liver, gallbladder,pancreas
Term
What is the function of the small intestine
Definition
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
Term
What is the function of the digestive system
Definition
Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation
Term
4 layers of the G.I tract wall
Definition
Mucosa- epithelium,lamina, propia muscularis mucosae.
Submucosa- areolar C.T
Muscularis- longitudinal muscle, circular muscle
Serosa- Areola C.T, epithelium.
Term
Describe glucogenesis
Definition
anabolic, glcogen formation when glucose supply exceeds and ATP is required
Term
What are the 2 functions of HCL.
Definition
kills bacteria, activates pepsinogen to become pepsin for protein. Digestion(catabolism).
Term
What is chyme
Definition
Contents of the stomach.
Term
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein.
Definition
Transport deoxygenated nutrient rich blood directly to the liver.
Term
Describe mesentary
Definition
Fan shaped fold of the peritoneum. Binds jujunum+ illium to the posterior abdominal wall.
Term
What cells produce HCL.
Definition
Parietal cells in the stomach.
Term
What is the function of the gall bladder.
Definition
Stores bile made in the liver between meals.
Term
Name and location of enzymes that work on proteins
Definition
Gastric juice - Pancreas - trypsin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase. Small intestine - brush border, enzymes - peptides
Term
Enzymes that work on carbs are produced where
Definition
Mouth - salivary glands, salivary amylase. Pancreas - pancreatic amylase. Small - brush border - enzymes, dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase
Term
Name of enzyme and location of organ for lipid catabolism
Definition
Mouth- lingual lipase, tongue glands, gastric lipase - stomach chief cells. Pancreatic lipase - acina cells
Term
Enzymes that work on carbs are produced where?
Definition
Mouth: salivary glands, salivary amyiase.
Pancreas: pancreas amylase.
Small intestine,brush border
enymzes- dextrinase
maltose
sucrase
lactase
Term
Name+ location of enzymes that work on proteins
Definition
Gastric juice- pepsin
Pancreas- Trysin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptisdase
Peptidase
Term
Describe the structual modifications of the small intestine to improve function
Definition
Length provides large surface area for absorption, circular folds, villi+ microvilliincrases surface area
Term
How are fats used in cellular respiration.
Definition
Triglycerides are broken into glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol is converted to glyceride phosphate-pyruvic acid-kerb cycle then fatty acid is broken into 2 carbons which is beta oxydation- 2 carbon acetic acid joins COa to form Acetyl COA- kerb cycle.
Term
What are the functions of the stomach?
Definition
Mixes content into chyme a reservoir for food before release into intestine, secretes gastric juices,HCL etc.. secretes gastrin into blood.
Term
Function of the Small Intestine
Definition
Organ where digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs
Term
Function of the Large Intestine
Definition
Absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmits the useless waste material from the body.
Term
What is Peristalsis
Definition
Waves of smooth muscle contractions that squeeze food along the GI tract
Term
Describe the term mesenteries in the digestive tract
Definition
Is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen
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