Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Body Defenses
Study Questions for 1/28
32
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

What are the 5 mechanisms of antibody action? 

Definition

 

 

Open a "CAN OF" antibodies:

Clumping, Activation of compliment proteins,

Neutralization, Opsonization, and Flagging 

Term

 

 

 

Describe neutralization. 

Definition

 

 

 

Antibodies "neutralize" bacterial toxins or viruses by covering sites on toxin molecules that would otherwise interact with susceptible host cell membranes. 

Term

 

 

 

Describe opsonization. 

Definition

 

 

 

During opsonization, antibodies coat viruses and microbes so they can be phagocytized.

 

Term

 

 

 

Describe clumping. 

Definition

 

 

 

During clumping, antibodies localize the antigen, allowing defenses to be focused in one area. Clumping also makes it possible for phagocytes to engulf a number of antigens in "bite." 

Term

 

 

 

Describe the activation of compliment proteins. 

Definition

 

 

 

The bariable region of the antibody binds to antigenic determinants. The constant region of the bound antibody activates the first compliment protein, starting a cascade of compliment protein activation resulting in chemotaxis of phagocytes, inflammation, lysing of foreign cells, etc. 

Term

 

 

 

What is the special benefit of antibodies being able to activate compliment proteins? 

Definition

 

 

 

The enzyme is activated right where it is needed, the site where a specific antigen determinant is needed. 

Term

 

 

 

Describe flagging. 

Definition

 

 

 

Some antibodies flag cells so that various defensive cells can efficiently find problem cells and take action. 

Term

 

 

 

The presence of ___ means that the second exposure to a particular antigen will produce a more more rapid and intense immune response to that antigen. 

Definition

 

 

 

memory cells 

Term

 

 

 

Antibody levels peak about ___ weeks after exposure. 

Definition

 

 

two 

Term

 

 

 

How do antibody levels differ between first and second exposure to an antigen? 

Definition

 

 

 

Antibody levels rise sooner after the second exposure, reach higer levels, and they stay high longer. 

Term

 

 

 

How can you account for the difference in antibody response between first and second exposures? 

Definition

 

 

 

The primary response produced memory cells. 

Term

 

 

 

Define active immunity. 

Definition

 

 

 

Active immunity is the resistance to infection that results because of the presence of memory cells for a particular antigen. 

Term

 

 

 

A person with memory cells for a particular antigen could have been exposed to the antigen in one of two ways. What are they? 

Definition

 

 

 

infection and vaccination 

Term

 

 

 

What are the three forms in which vaccinations expose people to antigens? 

Definition

 

 

 

dead or weakened viruses, parts of bacteria and viruses, altered bacterial toxins 

Term

 

 

 

Why is passive immunity temporary? 

Definition

 

 

 

Passive immunity is temporary because the donated antibody molecules break down in weeks or months. 

Term

 

 

 

Give two examples of passive immunity. 

Definition

 

 

 

antibodies passed to a child through placenta or milk, and antibodies from the blood of another person or an animal 

Term

 

 

 

Name three types of immune disorder. 

Definition

 

 

 

immunodeficiencies, allergies, auto-immune disease 

Term

 

 

 

What is the difference between congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies? 

Definition

 

 

 

Congenital immunodeficiencies are due to genetic or developmental abnormalities; while acquired immunodeficiencies are the result of cancer or a virus. 

Term

 

 

 

Define allergy. 

Definition

 

 

 

Allergies are abnormally vigorous immune responses during which the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a threat that would otherwise be harmless. 

Term

 

 

 

What do we call it when a person develops an immune response to certain of their own molecules? 

Definition

 

 

 

auto-immune disease 

Term

 

 

 

Give three examples of auto-immune disease. 

Definition

 

 

 

multiple schlerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus 

Term

 

 

 

Why do cytotoxic T-cells attach cells of donated organs. 

Definition

 

 

 

Cytotoxic T-cells attach cells of donated organs because they include surface molecules that are different from those of the recipient.

Term

 

 

 

Why can't everyone accept a transfusion of blood from anybody? 

Definition

 

 

 

The surfaces of RBCs contain molecules that can be antigenic. 

Term

 

 

 

Name the blood types in order of greatest prevalence. 

Definition

 

 

 

O, A, B, AB 

Term

 

 

 

We are all exposed to antigens ___ We don't make antibodies to ___ if they are part of our own RBCs. 

Definition

 

 

 

A and B, A and B 

Term

 

 

 

About ___% of people are Rh positive;

___% are Rh negative? 

Definition

 

 

 

85%, 15% 

Term

 

 

 

When might an Rh- person be exposed to Rh+? 

Definition

 

 

 

A person might be exposed to Rh+ in the case of a blood transfusion or when a mother carries an Rh+ fetus. 

Term

 

 

 

Why does an Rh person's first exposure to Rh antigen usually have no observable ill effects? 

Definition

 

 

 

Antibodies take a while to develop and antibody events are not high. 

Term

 

 

 

Why would happen if a person with type O blood were given a transfusion from a person with type A blood? 

Definition

 

 

 

First, donated RBCs would be clumped by anti-A antibodies in the recipient's plasma. Then the clumped cells would block small blood vessels. Clumped RBCs would rupture and release homoglobin, which can precipitate in the kidneys and impair kidney function. 

Term

 

 

 

How many human erythrocyte antigen systems are there? 

Definition

 

 

 

15 

Term

 

 

 

How could you test blood compatibility? 

Definition

 

 

 

Mix RBCs from the donor with plasma from the recipient if you want to test blood compatibility. If no clumping occurs, the blood is considered an adequate match. 

Term

 

 

 

In an extreme emergency, what type of blood could be administered to anyone? 

Definition

 

 

 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!