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Body Cavities and the Digestive System
Chapter 13 bio_mlt
109
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/06/2014

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Term
The primary duties of the digestive tract
Definition
-to ingest food and undergo chewing and primary processing of food
-swallowing (deglutition)
-further digestion and breakdown of the food items where nutrients and water obtained from the food are then absorbed and unprocessed food is eliminated by egestion
Term
The basic units of the digestive tract responsible for these functions are
Definition
-the buccal cavity (teeth, tongue, and palate)
-the pharynx and esophagus
-stomach, small intestine, large intestine and external opening- cloaca (vent) or anal opening
Term
The formation of the digestive system begins early in the development with the formation of the ___________
Definition
archenteron
Term
The archenteron
Definition
continous with yolk sac; will feed many vertebrates during development, or will become a more minor part of the body and instead the developing embryo will receive nutrients through the umbilical cord
-composed of endoderm
-lines the digestive tract and organs
Term
Three different regions of the gut
Definition
foregut
midgut
hindgut
Term
Foregut
Definition
extends toward the head and merges with an ectodermal pocket(stomodeum) to form the buccal cavity
Term
Midgut
Definition
remains connected to the yolk sac during development
Term
Hindgut
Definition
extends toward the tail and merges with an ectodermal pocket (proctodeum) to form the adult cloaca or digestive outlet
Term
Coelomic cavities
Definition
formed to contain visceral organs
Term
Primary mesenteries
Definition
-dorsal and ventral
-falciform ligament
-lesser omentum
-greater omentum
-mesogaster
-mesorchium
-mesovarium
Term
Dorsal and ventral mesenteries
Definition
suspend the gut within the coelom
Term
Falciform ligament
Definition
holds the liver to the ventral body wall
Term
Lesser omentum
Definition
connects the stomach and intestine to liver
Term
Greater omentum (lace apron)
Definition
is a folded membrane that acts as a storage organ for fat deposits
Term
Mesogaster
Definition
extends from stomach to ventral body wall
Term
Mesorchium
Definition
membrane that connects the testes to the body wall
Term
Mesovarium
Definition
membrane that connects the ovaries to the body wall
Term
The _____________ develops in fishes, amphibians, and most reptiles and separates the pericardial cavity from the pleuroperitoneal cavity
Definition
transverse septum
Term
Coelomic fold (pleuroperitoneal membrane)
Definition
grows ventrally and fuses with the transverse septum to from diaphragm
Term
Thoracic cavity is divided into...
Definition
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
Term
Pleural cavity
Definition
cavity that surrounds the lungs, with the lungs themselves separated by the mediastinum
Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition
cavity that surrounds the heart, and the membrane surrounding the pericardial sac
Term
The primary responsibility of the oral cavity is...
Definition
Acquisition of food and initial processing
Term
Stomodeum
Definition
invagination at the anterior end of the embryo that forms the oral cavity and connects to the posterior portion of the digestive tract
Term
The tongue
Definition
contributes to feeding behavior by either conducting water through ther mouth
Term
Primary tongue
Definition
not muscular and is used mainly for channeling water
Term
Tetrapod tongue
Definition
used for manipulation of food in absence of water
Term
Fish oral glands
Definition
generally absent; assist in moving food through pharynx and into the esophagus
Term
Tetrapod oral glands
Definition
require oral glands; secrete enzyme containing saliva that lubricate food and facilitate swallowing
Term
Seven primary oral glands
Definition
labial
lingual
palatine
nasal
maxillary
parotid
mandibular
Term
Teeth consist of...
Definition
enamel
dentine
pulp cavity
Term
Enamel
Definition
the surface layer of the tooth that is hard and protective
Term
Dentine
Definition
makes up bulk of the tooth
Term
Pulp cavity
Definition
contains the blood vessels and nerves that feed and innervate the tooth
Term
Polyphyodont
Definition
continuous succession of teeth thoughout life (shark)
Term
Diphyodont
Definition
replacement of milk or deciduous teeth by permanent teeth (mammals)
Term
Monophyodont
Definition
single set of teeth retained throughout life (whales, marsupials)
Term
Acrodont
Definition
simplest teeth that have no roots and may break off easily from jaw (fish and amphibians)
Term
Pleurodont
Definition
teeth attached by one side to the inner surface of the jaw bone (lizards)
Term
Thecodont
Definition
teeth set into sockets and relatively immobile
Term
Homodont
Definition
teeth essentially all alike
Term
Heterodont
Definition
teeth differentiated into a variety of uses
Term
Heterodont teeth in mammals
Definition
-incisors
-canines
-premolars
-molars
Term
Incisors
Definition
most anterior teeth, adapted for securing food, grooming, or nibbling
Term
Canines
Definition
posterior, spikelike teeth that are used for holding, piercing and ripping
Term
Premolars
Definition
behind the canines, used for grinding
Term
Molars
Definition
most posterior, used for crushing, with a greater surface area than premolars
Term
Diastema
Definition
space that occurs between incisors and premolars
Term
Hypsodont
Definition
teeth with high crowns
Term
Brachyodont
Definition
teeth with low crowns
Term
Bunodont
Definition
grinding surface slightly raised into separate rounded tubercles and entirely covered in enamel
Term
Lophodont
Definition
cusps of the teeth drawn out into ridges
Term
Tusks
Definition
excessively developed teeth, either incisors (elephants) or canines (walrus)
Term
Fangs
Definition
associated with poison glands, eexcessively developed canines
Term
Egg tooth
Definition
largely dentine, found in birds and reptiles; used as means of hatching from a cleidoic egg; not a true tooth
Term
Pharynx
Definition
general structure of oral cavityu is dependent in part of primary node of feeding that an animal uses
Term
The oral cavity is bonded
Definition
-laterally by lips and cheeks
-cranially by the hard palate (composed of palatine bones) and soft palate
-caudally by the jaw and associated musculature
Term
The hard palate of some species possesses ____________ that act to help food in the mouth
Definition
palatine rugae
Term
The soft palate ends in the _______, a fleshy flap which apparently serves no purpose
Definition
uvula
Term
Pharyngeal chiasma
Definition
crossing of food and air; amphibians need not to open their mouth to obtain air
Term
Tetrapod pharynx composed of..
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
part of pharynx used for respiratory function into which the Eustachian tube from ear empties
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
part of pharynx used in digestion
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
part of pharynx used in speech
Term
Seven primary openings present in pharynx
Definition
-choanae (2)
-eustachian tubes (2)
-isthmus fauces (1)
-Glottis (1)
-esophagus (1)
Term
Choanae (posterior nares)
Definition
continous with external nares
Term
Eustachian tubes
Definition
extend from auditory canal
Term
Isthmus fauces
Definition
used in conducting digestive enzymes
Term
Glottis
Definition
opening to trachea and lungs. Can be covered by cartilagenous epiglottis during swallowing
Term
Esophagus
Definition
opening to rest of digestive tract
Term
Two types of epithelium
Definition
squamous
columnar
Term
Squamous epithelium
Definition
lines the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and cloaca
Term
Columnar epithelium
Definition
lines stomach and intestine
Term
Gut wall consists of...
Definition
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia
Term
Mucosa
Definition
contain columnar epithelium, lymphocyte nodules (act in immune function), and villi that increase the surface area available for absorption and protect crypts of Lieberkuhn and the goblet cells that secrete mucus that lubricates the lining of intestine and prevents from self-digestion
Term
Submucosa
Definition
vascular tissue that helps to transport nutrients into the primary circulatory system
Term
Muscularis externa
Definition
circular and longitudinal sheets of smooth muscles that work to move food along the gut tube to the next part of the digestive process
Term
Adventitia
Definition
a surface layer of fibrous connective tissue that envelops the serosa when combined with mesentary
Term
Esophagus
Definition
short and unmodified; controlled by involuntary movements
Term
Crop functions
Definition
-site of food storage
-in some birds it may contain digestive enzymes for processing foods high in cellulose or for secretion of a milky food-like substance called "crop milk" in pigeons
Term
Stomach functions
Definition
-acts to store food prior to digestion
-processes food mechanically by strong muscular movements
-chemically modifies food through secretion of digestive enymes
Term
Cardiac sphincter
Definition
controls action for movement of food into stomach
Term
Pyloric sphincter
Definition
controls action for movement of food out of stomach
Term
The bird stomach is divided into
Definition
proventriculus
gizzard
Term
Proventriculus
Definition
is glandular and secretes digestive enzymes
Term
Gizzard
Definition
is muscular and processes food mechanically due to lack of mechanical processing by teeth
Term
Ruminant mammal stomach is divided into
Definition
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum
Term
Rumen
Definition
acts as a storage pouch
Term
Reticulum
Definition
contains colonies of anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose
Term
Omasum
Definition
highly folded part of stomach that is responsible for processing proteins
Term
Abomasum
Definition
represents true stomach
Term
Where is the primary site for absorption and digestion?
Definition
Intestine
Term
Intestinal lumen
Definition
digests organic material and absorbs water
Term
Small intestine
Definition
-characterized by villi
- intestine that is smaller in diameter
-divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
Term
Villi
Definition
cover the intestinal lining and increase the surface area available for absorption, and is highly vascularized
Term
Duodenum
Definition
site of much of the digestion by enzymes secreted by the liver and pancreas and is where most absorption occurs
Term
Large intestine
Definition
-lacks mucosal villi
-serves as site of water reabsorption and storage of undigested food prior to elimination
-has intestinal caecum (harbor colonies of cellulose-digesting bacteria)
Term
Cloaca
Definition
opens to body surface through cloacal aperture; common exit pathway for products of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
Term
Liver
Definition
largest organ of body and is composed of several lobes arranged around central vein
Term
Functions of liver
Definition
-produces bile that emulsifies fat and facilitates its absorption
-bile is sotred in gallbladder after its secretion by bile canaliculi
-involved in detoxification of noxious substances
-site of storage of excess food in form of glycogen or lipid (which is released under hormonal influence)
-site of cholesterol synthesis and iron metabolism
Term
Exocrine part of pancreas
Definition
acinar gland; produces digestive enzymes into intestine
Term
Endocrine part of pancreas
Definition
pancreatic islets of langerhans (comprised of alpha and beta cells)
Term
Alpha cells
Definition
secrete glucagon to increase blood sugar by breaking down glycogen
Term
Beta cells
Definition
secrete insulin to decrease blood sugar by transporting it into the cells and by promoting conversion of blood sugar into glycogen
Term
Pharyngeal chiasma
Definition
crossing of food and air; amphibians need not to open their mouth to obtain air
Term
Transverse septum
Definition
membrane that develops between the liver and heart
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
area between the two pleural cavities of mammals that contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, bronchi and major blood vessels
Term
Rugae
Definition
fleshy folds that help to hold food in the mouth
Term
Stomodaeum
Definition
invagination at the anterior end of the embryo that forms the oral cavity and connects to the posterior portion of the digestive tract
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