Term
| The primary duties of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
-to ingest food and undergo chewing and primary processing of food
-swallowing (deglutition)
-further digestion and breakdown of the food items where nutrients and water obtained from the food are then absorbed and unprocessed food is eliminated by egestion |
|
|
Term
| The basic units of the digestive tract responsible for these functions are |
|
Definition
-the buccal cavity (teeth, tongue, and palate)
-the pharynx and esophagus
-stomach, small intestine, large intestine and external opening- cloaca (vent) or anal opening |
|
|
Term
| The formation of the digestive system begins early in the development with the formation of the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continous with yolk sac; will feed many vertebrates during development, or will become a more minor part of the body and instead the developing embryo will receive nutrients through the umbilical cord
-composed of endoderm
-lines the digestive tract and organs |
|
|
Term
| Three different regions of the gut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends toward the head and merges with an ectodermal pocket(stomodeum) to form the buccal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remains connected to the yolk sac during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends toward the tail and merges with an ectodermal pocket (proctodeum) to form the adult cloaca or digestive outlet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed to contain visceral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dorsal and ventral
-falciform ligament
-lesser omentum
-greater omentum
-mesogaster
-mesorchium
-mesovarium |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal and ventral mesenteries |
|
Definition
| suspend the gut within the coelom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds the liver to the ventral body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the stomach and intestine to liver |
|
|
Term
| Greater omentum (lace apron) |
|
Definition
| is a folded membrane that acts as a storage organ for fat deposits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from stomach to ventral body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that connects the testes to the body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that connects the ovaries to the body wall |
|
|
Term
| The _____________ develops in fishes, amphibians, and most reptiles and separates the pericardial cavity from the pleuroperitoneal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coelomic fold (pleuroperitoneal membrane) |
|
Definition
| grows ventrally and fuses with the transverse septum to from diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic cavity is divided into... |
|
Definition
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity that surrounds the lungs, with the lungs themselves separated by the mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity that surrounds the heart, and the membrane surrounding the pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
| The primary responsibility of the oral cavity is... |
|
Definition
| Acquisition of food and initial processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invagination at the anterior end of the embryo that forms the oral cavity and connects to the posterior portion of the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contributes to feeding behavior by either conducting water through ther mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not muscular and is used mainly for channeling water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for manipulation of food in absence of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally absent; assist in moving food through pharynx and into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require oral glands; secrete enzyme containing saliva that lubricate food and facilitate swallowing |
|
|
Term
| Seven primary oral glands |
|
Definition
labial
lingual
palatine
nasal
maxillary
parotid
mandibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enamel
dentine
pulp cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the surface layer of the tooth that is hard and protective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes up bulk of the tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the blood vessels and nerves that feed and innervate the tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous succession of teeth thoughout life (shark) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replacement of milk or deciduous teeth by permanent teeth (mammals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single set of teeth retained throughout life (whales, marsupials) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplest teeth that have no roots and may break off easily from jaw (fish and amphibians) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth attached by one side to the inner surface of the jaw bone (lizards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth set into sockets and relatively immobile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth essentially all alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth differentiated into a variety of uses |
|
|
Term
| Heterodont teeth in mammals |
|
Definition
-incisors
-canines
-premolars
-molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most anterior teeth, adapted for securing food, grooming, or nibbling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior, spikelike teeth that are used for holding, piercing and ripping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behind the canines, used for grinding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most posterior, used for crushing, with a greater surface area than premolars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space that occurs between incisors and premolars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grinding surface slightly raised into separate rounded tubercles and entirely covered in enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cusps of the teeth drawn out into ridges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessively developed teeth, either incisors (elephants) or canines (walrus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with poison glands, eexcessively developed canines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largely dentine, found in birds and reptiles; used as means of hatching from a cleidoic egg; not a true tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general structure of oral cavityu is dependent in part of primary node of feeding that an animal uses |
|
|
Term
| The oral cavity is bonded |
|
Definition
-laterally by lips and cheeks
-cranially by the hard palate (composed of palatine bones) and soft palate
-caudally by the jaw and associated musculature |
|
|
Term
| The hard palate of some species possesses ____________ that act to help food in the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The soft palate ends in the _______, a fleshy flap which apparently serves no purpose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crossing of food and air; amphibians need not to open their mouth to obtain air |
|
|
Term
| Tetrapod pharynx composed of.. |
|
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of pharynx used for respiratory function into which the Eustachian tube from ear empties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of pharynx used in digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of pharynx used in speech |
|
|
Term
| Seven primary openings present in pharynx |
|
Definition
-choanae (2)
-eustachian tubes (2)
-isthmus fauces (1)
-Glottis (1)
-esophagus (1) |
|
|
Term
| Choanae (posterior nares) |
|
Definition
| continous with external nares |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend from auditory canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in conducting digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening to trachea and lungs. Can be covered by cartilagenous epiglottis during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening to rest of digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and cloaca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines stomach and intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain columnar epithelium, lymphocyte nodules (act in immune function), and villi that increase the surface area available for absorption and protect crypts of Lieberkuhn and the goblet cells that secrete mucus that lubricates the lining of intestine and prevents from self-digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue that helps to transport nutrients into the primary circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular and longitudinal sheets of smooth muscles that work to move food along the gut tube to the next part of the digestive process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a surface layer of fibrous connective tissue that envelops the serosa when combined with mesentary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short and unmodified; controlled by involuntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-site of food storage
-in some birds it may contain digestive enzymes for processing foods high in cellulose or for secretion of a milky food-like substance called "crop milk" in pigeons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acts to store food prior to digestion
-processes food mechanically by strong muscular movements
-chemically modifies food through secretion of digestive enymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls action for movement of food into stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls action for movement of food out of stomach |
|
|
Term
| The bird stomach is divided into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is glandular and secretes digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is muscular and processes food mechanically due to lack of mechanical processing by teeth |
|
|
Term
| Ruminant mammal stomach is divided into |
|
Definition
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains colonies of anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly folded part of stomach that is responsible for processing proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary site for absorption and digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digests organic material and absorbs water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-characterized by villi
- intestine that is smaller in diameter
-divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ilium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cover the intestinal lining and increase the surface area available for absorption, and is highly vascularized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of much of the digestion by enzymes secreted by the liver and pancreas and is where most absorption occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lacks mucosal villi
-serves as site of water reabsorption and storage of undigested food prior to elimination
-has intestinal caecum (harbor colonies of cellulose-digesting bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opens to body surface through cloacal aperture; common exit pathway for products of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest organ of body and is composed of several lobes arranged around central vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produces bile that emulsifies fat and facilitates its absorption
-bile is sotred in gallbladder after its secretion by bile canaliculi
-involved in detoxification of noxious substances
-site of storage of excess food in form of glycogen or lipid (which is released under hormonal influence)
-site of cholesterol synthesis and iron metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine part of pancreas |
|
Definition
| acinar gland; produces digestive enzymes into intestine |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine part of pancreas |
|
Definition
| pancreatic islets of langerhans (comprised of alpha and beta cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete glucagon to increase blood sugar by breaking down glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete insulin to decrease blood sugar by transporting it into the cells and by promoting conversion of blood sugar into glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crossing of food and air; amphibians need not to open their mouth to obtain air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that develops between the liver and heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area between the two pleural cavities of mammals that contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, bronchi and major blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy folds that help to hold food in the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invagination at the anterior end of the embryo that forms the oral cavity and connects to the posterior portion of the digestive tract |
|
|
