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BMS 208
EXAM 2!!!!!!! OMGeezy
165
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2009

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Term
Long bones
Definition
Bones that are longer than they are wide. Are lined with hyaline cartilage at the joints.
Term
Example of Long Bones
Definition
Femur bone, Tibia, Phalanges
Term
Short Bones
Definition
Intended for strength and compactness.
Term
Examples of Short Bones
Definition
Carpals and Tarsals contain many short bones.
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
Bones that are expanded into broad, flat plates.
Term
Examples of Flat Bones
Definition
Skull bones, pelvic bones, ribcage
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Provides protection from nervous tissue. Provides anchor points for skeletal muscle
Term
Example of Irregular Bones
Definition
Saccrum, Coccyx, mandible
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
"Sesame Seed" shaped bones. Bones which are embedded within a tendon, protect the tendon and increase its mechanical effect.
Term
Examples of Sesamoid Bones
Definition
The Kneecap (Patella), Pisiform, First Metatarsal Bone
Term
Sutural Bones
Definition
Extra bone plates in the cranium.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
contains an outer fibrous and inner cellular layer.
Term
endosteum
Definition
an incomplete cellular layer. Contains epithelial cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
Skull, Thoracic cage, and vertebral column
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Term
vertebral column consists of:
Definition
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Term
Cranial Bones
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
Term
occipital bone
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
True Ribs
Definition
Ribs number 1-7
Term
False Ribs
Definition
Ribs 8-12
Term
Floating Ribs
Definition
11 + 12 not connecting to costal cartilage
Term
Costal Cartilage
Definition
Bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward
Term
Manubrium
Definition
Top of the sternum. Attached to rib 1.
Term
Body of sternum
Definition
Middle of the sternum nearest to the heart
Term
Xiphoid process
Definition
Bottom of the sternum. Little notch.
Term
clavicle
Definition
Part of the pectoral girdle. Immobile bone.
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
makes up the shoulder. Is composed of clavicle and scapula bones.
Term
Acromial end of the clavicle
Definition
Lateral. Rests up against your shoulder.
Term
Sternal end of the clavicle
Definition
Medial, rests on the manubrium.
Term
Scapula
Definition
Part of the pectoral girdle. Glides across the ribcage to mobilize shoulder.
Term
humerus
Definition
Upper arm bone. By the Tricep and deltoid.
Term
Radius
Definition
Lateral
Term
Proximal end of Radius
Definition
Head of Radius
Term
Ulna
Definition
Medial
Term
Proximal end of the Ulna
Definition
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Trochlear Notch
Term
Distal end of the Radius
Definition
Styloid process
Term
Distal end of the ulna
Definition
Styloid process
Term
Some lovers try positions that they cant handle
Definition
Pnumonic Device for carpal bones
Term
Digit numbering
Definition
Thumb=1
pinky=5
Term
Carpal bones
Definition
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform...
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Term
Metacarpals
Definition
Bones connected to carpals. Before the 3 parts of the phalynx
Term
Phalanges
Definition
"Finger and toe bones"- 3 parts: Proximal (bottom), Middle, and distal (tip of the finger or toe)
Term
Illiac Crest
Definition
Where you put your hands on your hips.
Term
Ischium
Definition
You sit on it.
Term
Patella
Definition
Knee Cap
Term
Femur bone
Definition
Upper leg bone. Quadracepts, hamstring.
Term
Femur Proximal End
Definition
Head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter
Term
Femur distal end
Definition
Medial chondyle, lateral chondyle
Term
Tibia
Definition
"Shin Bone" Front.
Term
Fibula
Definition
Small bone lateral to the tibia.
Term
Tarsals
Definition
Ankle bones
Term
Metatarsals
Definition
Similar to metacarpals. Attatched to the tarsal bones, before phyllanges.
Term
Arthrology
Definition
Study of joints
Term
Luxation
Definition
complete dislocation of a joint
Term
Subluxation
Definition
Partial dislocation of a joint
Term
Synarthritic Joints
Definition
No movement. Joints in the skull are an example of these.
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
Slight movement. Pubic Symphysis is an example of these.
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
Freely moveable joints, but limited. Gliding, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation
Term
Gliding Joints
Definition
AKA Planar joints. Like an air hockey table. Two smooth surfaces slide in linear fashion over one another.
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
Permits flexion/ extension. Example of which would include the elbow joint.
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
Allows for rotation on a central axis. Rotation of Atlas (C1) on axis (C2) when shaking head, as when saying "no"
Term
Ellipsoidal Joint
Definition
The oval process articulates with a depression in another bone. Allows for abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, circumduction. atlantooccipital joint- when nodding head as in saying "yes"
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
The concave surface of one bone fitting into convex surface of another bone. allows for abduction/adduction, flexion and extension,and circumduction
Term
Ball and socket joint
Definition
Round head of one bone resting within a cup shaped depression of another bone. Shoulder joint.
Term
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Definition
produce skeletal movement.
maintain posture and body position.
Support soft tissues.
Guard entrances and exits
Maintains body temperature
Term
Epimysium
Definition
Surrounds the entire gross muscle.
Term
Skeletal muscle fiber
Definition
Single cell.
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Divides the skeletal muscle into smaller compartments, each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers referred to as a fascicle.
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Thin sheet of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber. Lies over the cell membrane, but is not the cell membrane itself.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibers.
Term
Tendon
Definition
Connects muscle to bone
Term
ligaments
Definition
connect muscle to muscle.
Term
fascicle
Definition
bundle of muscle cells.
Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
Muscle cell, usually spindle shaped and multi-nucleated.
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Muscle cells' "cytoplasm" similar to the cytoplasm in regular cells. Usually contains glysosomes, which contain glycogen
Term
Myofilament
Definition
Constructed from proteins. Come in 2 varieties; thick and thin.
Term
Thick myofilament
Definition
composed cheifly of the protein myesin
Term
Thin Myofilament
Definition
composed cheifly of the protein actin
Term
Myofibril
Definition
Smaller than a muscle fiber. Contain actomyasin, which aides in muscle contraction.
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Contains large stores of calcium, and pumps them to the muscle cells when theyre stimulated.
Term
Terminal Cisternae
Definition
Regions of the sarcoplasm adjacent to the t-tubules which release calcium to striated muscle when activated.
Term
sarcomere
Definition
What give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Contains actin and myosin, seperated by z line.
Term
A bands (Dark bands in striated skeletal muscle)
Definition
Located in the center of the sarcomere, and contains the thick filaments and the overlapping regions of the thin filaments. (Myosin and actin)
Term
M line
Definition
Composed of Myosen and Titin
Term
H Zone
Definition
Zone where only thick filaments are present. Lighter than the area in the A bands where thick and thin would overlap.
Term
I bands
Definition
Light Bands.
Term
Z Line
Definition
How I bands are bisected.
Term
F actin
Definition
composed of individual subunits of globular , G, actin.
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Actin binding protein that regulates actin mechanics. Important in muscle contraction. Regulates the binding of myosin.
Term
Troponin
Definition
Composed of three subunits: one binds to tropomyosin, another binds to G-actin, and the other binds to calcium. Unlocks tropomyosin from actin, allowing it to move away from the binding groove.
Term
Nebulin
Definition
Actin binding protein localized to the Ibands.
Term
Myosin
Definition
The head region of myosin (also called the cross-bridge) binds to the active site on actin during muscle contraction.
Term
agonists
Definition
AKA Prime Movers. Muscles that cause the desired action upon contraction.
Term
Antagonists
Definition
Muscles that oppose the agonist and stretches during movement.
Term
Synergists
Definition
Muscles that assist the agonists and steady the movement.
Term
Fixators
Definition
Muscles that stabilize the origin of the agonist by preventing movement of a joint.
Term
Parallel Muscle arrangement
Definition
Long, Strap-like muscles with parallel fibers. Example: Bicep.
Term
Convergent Muscle Arrangement
Definition
Looks like a seashell or fan. fibers converge at the insertion point.
Example: Pectoralis Major muscle.
Term
Unipennate Muscle Arrangement
Definition
Fibers positioned along one side of a tendon, many muscle fibers per unit area of muscle. Example: Muscles in the antibrachium.
Term
Bipennate Muscle Arrangement
Definition
Fibers that are positioned on both sides of a tendon. Many fibers per unit area of muscle. Examples: Muscles in the antibrachium, and rectus femorus in thigh.
Term
Multipennate Muscle Arrangement
Definition
Short fibers positioned on numerous tendinous slips; many fibers per unit area of muscle. Example: Deltoid muscle.
Term
Sphincter Muscle Arrangement
Definition
Circular, parallel fibers surrounding a body orifice. Example: Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
Term
Frontalis muscle
Definition
Covers the frontal cranial bone.
Term
Occipitalis Muscle
Definition
Covers the occipital region of the cranium.
Term
Orbicularis Oculi
Definition
The muscle which controls the opening and closing of your eyes.
Term
Orbicularis Oris
Definition
The muscle which helps open and close your lips.
Term
Masseter Muscle
Definition
Muscle which "Bulges" in your jaw when you chew. Assists in Mastication.
Term
Temporalis Muscle
Definition
Muscle which "Bulges" when you chew in your temporal region. Assists in Mastication.
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Muscle which assists in the movement of your head. Flexes and rotates the head.
Term
Trapezius Muscle
Definition
Depresses the scapula (lowers the shoulderblade). Also adducts the scapula.
Term
Pectoralis Minor
Definition
Attatched to the ribs. Beneath pectoralis major. Depresses the scapula. (Lowers the shoulder blade)
Term
Levator Scapulae
Definition
Elevates the scapula. Near the neck.
Term
Rhomboideus Major
Definition
Adducts the scapula. Scapula glides on this muscle.
Term
Rhomboideus Minor
Definition
Underneath Rhomboideus Major. Adducts the scapula.
Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition
Abducts the Scapula. Attatched to ribs. Stabilizes the scapula, and rotates the scapula (glenoid fossa) upward.
Term
Ball and Socket Joint Movement
Definition
Is able to perform all rotations and movements.
Term
Muscles that make up the rotator's Cuff
Definition
Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor
Term
Pectoralis Major
Definition
Flexes the humerus, adducts humerus, Rotates the humerus medially (as in arm wrestling). Makes up most of the chest muscles in Males.
Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
Posterior to the brachium. Responsible for adduction, internal rotation, and extension of the shoulder joint.
Term
Deltoid muscle
Definition
abducts brachium
Term
Teres Major
Definition
Adducts the humerus
Term
Triceps Brachii
Definition
3 heads. Extends the elbow.
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
flexes the elbow. Located in the forearm. Lateral.
Term
Biceps Brachii
Definition
2 heads. Supination of the forearm and flexion of the elbow.
Term
Pronator Teres
Definition
Pronates (turns the palm downward) the forearm.
Term
pronator quadratus
Definition
Assists the pronator teres in pronating the forearm. (turning the palm downward).
Term
Supinator
Definition
Supinates the elbow joint.Assists the biceps in bringing the hand to the supine position.
Term
Hinge Joint Actions
Definition
Flexion and Extension.
Term
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Flexes and abducts the hand. Runs along the radius bone in the antibrachium area.
Term
Palmaris Longus
Definition
Muscle that acts to flex the wrist. Medial.
Term
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Muscle that acts to flex the wrist, and runs along the ular bone (medial) in the antibrachium area.
Term
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Definition
Muscle that acts to extend the wrist. (posterior forearm) Runs along the radial bone (lateral). Short muscle.
Term
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Definition
(posterior forearm) Acts to extend the wrist.
Term
Extensor Digitorum
Definition
Extends the Phyllanges, extends the wrist, and also the elbow. Located in the posterior forearm.
Term
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Acts to extend and adduct the wrist. (posterior forearm)
Term
Erector Spinae group
Definition
Semispinalis (spinalis), Longissimus, Illiocostalis
Term
Semispinalis
Definition
Muscle that runs closest to the spine. (Trunk muscle)
Term
Longissimus
Definition
Middle trunk muscle. Between the spinalis muscle group and the iliocostalis muscle group.
Term
Iliocostalis muscle group
Definition
Along the ribs. (lateral trunk muscle)
Term
Origin of the Levator Scapulae
Definition
Transverse process of the first four cervical vertibra
Term
Insertion of the Levator Scapulae
Definition
Vertebral border of scapula, near the superior angle.
Term
Action of the Levator Scapulae
Definition
Elevates the Scapula
Term
Nerve supply to the Levator Scapulae
Definition
Cervical Nerves and Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Term
Origin of the Pectoralis Major
Definition
Cartilidges of ribs 2-6, body of sternum, inferior medial portion of the clavicle.
Term
Insertion of the Pectoralis Major
Definition
Crest of the Greater Tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove on humerus.
Term
Action of the Pectoralis Major
Definition
Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder.
Term
Nerve Supply to the Pectoralis Major
Definition
Pectoral Nerves.
Term
Origin of the Biceps Brachii
Definition
Short head from the coracoid process. (scapula)

Long head from the supraglenoid tubercle.
Term
Insertion of Biceps Brachii
Definition
Tuberosity of Radius
Term
Action of Biceps Brachii
Definition
Flexion of humerus at elbow and shoulder. Supination
Term
Nerve Supply to Biceps Brachii
Definition
Musculocutaneous
Term
Origin of Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Medial Epicondyle of humerus
Term
Insertion of flexor carpi radialis
Definition
base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bone.
Term
Action of flexor carpi Radialis
Definition
Flexion and Abduction at wrist.
Term
Nerve Supply to Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Radial Nerve.
Term
Origin of the Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Superior surface of pubis, around symphysis.
Term
Insertion of Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xyphoid process.
Term
Action of Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Depresses ribs, flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen.
Term
Nerve Supply to Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Intercostal Nerve.
Term
Saggital Suture
Definition
Top of the head, splitting the skull into right and left halves.
Term
Coronal Suture
Definition
(Anterior) Cuts into front and rear regions of the skull.
Term
Lamboidal Suture
Definition
(Posterior) Cuts into front and rear portions of the skull.
Term
Squamous Suture
Definition
Sideways suture. Side of the head near the temporal bone.
Term
Triad in the sarcomere
Definition
Composed of T-Tubules, 2 touching terminal cysternae.
Term
Intevertebral discs are what kind of joint?
Definition
ampiarthritic.
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